1. Computer Architecture & Organization
Architecture  attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques, etc.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology, etc.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
hmmm …
chicken/egg problem ?
Organization  how features are implemented

2. What Should I already know re Computer Arch & Org ?
“Black Box” !
connected devices
Peripherals
communication links
keyboard
computer
mouse
network . .
display
telephone
cable
disk / optical
wireless
speakers
printer
other ?
other ?

3. Function & Structure ITBB
SYSC 2001 will look inside the black box (ITBB)!
peripherals and commn links are outside black box
Will construct various models of ITBB components:
Function  the operation of individual components as parts of the structure
Structure  how components relate to each other

4. Coordinates How Information is Used
IMPORTANT SLIDE !
Function
ALL computer functions are:
Data PROCESSING
Data STORAGE
Data MOVEMENT
CONTROL
NOTHING ELSE!
Data = Information
Coordinates How Information is Used

5. Functional view of Black Box
Operating Environment
source/sink for information
connections to peripherals and commn links
MOVEMENT
ITBB
CONTROL
PROCESSING
STORAGE

6. Operations (1) Data movement
e.g. copy a file between disks

7. e.g. load a text file for editing
Operations (2) Storage
e.g. load a text file for editing

8. Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
e.g. compute an intermediate result from some operands & save for later use

9. Operation (4) Processing from storage to I/O
e.g. compute and display a result from some operands

10. Structure - Top Level ITBB
More
Black
Boxes
ITBB!
Peripherals
Computer
Input
Output
Computer
Central
Processing
Unit
Systems
Interconnection
Communication
lines
Main
Memory
What about Function?

11. Structure - The CPU Drilling Down I(ITBB)! What about Function? CPU
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Logic Unit
Registers
I/O
System
Bus
CPU
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Memory
Drilling
Down
I(ITBB)!
Control
Unit
What about Function?

12. Structure - The Control Unit
Too deep for SYSC 2001
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Logic
ALU
Control
Unit
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Registers
Control
Memory
What about Function?

13. Brief History of Computer Evolution
Two phases:
before VLSI 1945 – 1978
ENIAC
IAS
IBM
PDP-8
VLSI  present day
microprocessors !
VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration
see text discussion

14. Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Cell M
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Pentium Evolution
PowerPC Evolution
Moore’s Law

15. Speeding Up the Processor
Pipelining
On board cache
On board L1 & L2 cache
Branch prediction
Data flow analysis
Speculative execution
chicken / egg again !
we’ll see some of these as the course progresses

16. But Performance Mismatch!
Processor speed increased
Memory capacity increased
Memory speed lags behind (and increasing slower than) processor speed

17. DRAM and Processor Characteristics

18. Some Solutions Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
Change DRAM interface
Cache
Reduce frequency of memory access
More complex cache, and cache on chip
Increase interconnection bandwidth
High speed buses
Hierarchy of buses