1. Recorded Sound

2. A note on production sound for TV & film Because of our culture’s visual bias, many young filmmakers neglect sound recording Production sound recording is a media “language” Please learn its vocabulary

3. Production sound “literacy” pre-production planning; pre-production planning; sufficient crew; sufficient crew; microphone selection and placement; microphone selection and placement; overhead booms are usually best; overhead booms are usually best; know each microphone’s sensitivity and patter; know each microphone’s sensitivity and patter; maintain continuity and consistency; maintain continuity and consistency; no buzz or room noise; no buzz or room noise; minimize equalization; minimize equalization; control input levels during recording; control input levels during recording; attentive headphone monitoring; attentive headphone monitoring; wind protection; wind protection; no clothing noise; etc. etc no clothing noise; etc. etc

4. History Edison's phonograph, 1877 was quickly followed by other technological innovations: the gramophone, Nickelodeons (1890s, cylinders) and the Victrola, 1906. Today, audio technologies are being introduced at an even more rapid rate.

5. History The Record Industry initially resisted Radio live music dominated until recording technology improved, and the natural synergy of the two industries was understood. 1920’s -1940’s The golden age of American music? –Jazz, big bands, swing. Composers like Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and George Gershwin. Vocalists including Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong

6. Record industry formats Columbia CBS founder William Paley championed 33 1/3 rpm vinyl LPs RCA NBC founder Gen. David. Sarnoff championed 45-rpm records 1947: Ampex developed magnetic recording tape 1950’s: format war ends: 33 rpm for albums; 45 rpm for singles popular on Top 40 radio

7. 1950’s, 60s – music & technology Youth Culture spurred by car & portable radio Rock superstars - cultural explosions: Elvis, Beatles Younger consumers gained market clout DJ Alan Freed; Col. Tom Parker with Elvis Motown’s Berry Gordy, Jr.

8. Post 1970’s late 70’s, early 80's: cassette piracy woes 1980: “I Want My MTV” campaign 1983: Michael Jackson's Thriller later 80's-mid 90's: Walkman, CDs dominate late ‘90s, 2000’s: downloads dominate; iPod; file sharing piracy threatens industry

9. Record Company Ownership NYC - not part of Time Warner Sony Music Entertainment Warner Music Group Universal Music Group Sony Corporation of America French owned by Vivendi, Santa Monica based; not part of NBC/Universal The recording industry is in steady decline. Piracy and Apple’s iTunes dissolved the old music industry. This is known as “creative destruction.”

10. Questions for discussion Who programs your musical taste? Are you exposed to enough of the classics: Mozart, Bach, Gershwin, etc. ? w As piracy makes music less profitable, Whose loss will it be?

11. Radio

12. Evolution of Radio as a Mass Medium Pioneers: Marconi; Armstrong; Sarnoff 1925-30: Improved receivers: 17 million AM sold Networks: CBS (Bill Paley); NBC (David Sarnoff) Communications Act of 1934; “traffic cop” of the airwaves: Federal Communications Commission WWII -- Hitler, Roosevelt, Churchill use radio; radio news comes of age: Edward R. Murrow (CBS) 1950’s transistor and car radios 1960’s FM usage grows, usurps AM for music content 2000’s: introduction of satellite and internet radio

13. Radio Program Formats Pre-television: live music, recorded music, talk, news, sports, drama and comedy series, musical variety Since TV: recorded music, talk, all-news, religious, sports A radio station’s dominant program style is called its format

14. L.A. is the #1 radio market in the U.S., including many narrow niche formats KUSC-FM (91.5) non-commercial (classical) KKJZ-FM (88.1) non-commercial (jazz) KPCC-FM (89.3) non-commercial (talk) KRLA-AM (870) commercial (talk) KCRW-FM (89.9) non-commercial (eclectic) KXLU-FM (88.9) non-commercial (music)

15. How Radio is Supported Commercial Stations: Ad Revenue Ranks by Type 1.Local 2.National spot 3.Network Non- Commercial Stations Listener Contributions Educational Institutions Your Tax $$ Private Foundations

16. Questions for discussion Do you use internet radio, satellite radio or radio via IPTV? Will radio go niche and fragment the way cable TV has? Does your smartphone play through your car’s speakers?