1. US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG ® Geochemistry Breakout Session Drs Anthony Bednar, Roy Sidle, and Carol Babyak 12 March 2010

2. BUILDING STRONG ® Ultimate Answer  Characterization, relative to the environment ► What is fly ash, what makes it unique ► Standard methods may not apply SW-846, ASTM, should they be modified for industry usefulness TCLP vs SPLP vs ??? ► Speciation Total metals are not enough! Mobility, bioavailability, toxicity

3. BUILDING STRONG ® Current Research Efforts/Data Gaps  Expansion of Riverine Sediment Characterization  Regulatory Descriptors for Ash ► Leaching potential Different methods, TCLP/SPLP/Bioavailability ► Metal contaminant/speciation ► Decision units MIS sampling, getting a representative sample  Speciation/Characterization of Ash ► Bioavailability ► Geochemistry does not equal Biochemistry  Organics in Ash ► Secondary contaminants vs affect on metal mobility  Groundwater vs Surface water vs solids/sediments  Differentiation between New and Legacy contamination

4. BUILDING STRONG ® Coordination  Geochemistry and Bio/Tox need to coordinate ► What is bioavailable? Do we use this to help classify ash ► What form of metals do Tox studies need to spike with or use as contaminant? Speciation effects of metals, each as different biogeochemical properties ► In vivo simulations for bioavailability Tie geochemical availability to bioavailability  Collaboration and Communications ► How do we know who is doing what ► Getting the right people together  Broader approach, expand to industry wide applications

5. BUILDING STRONG ® Redundant Efforts  How many non-detects are sufficient to demonstrate metals leaching to surface waters ► Some always required for regulatory purposes But, how many could be cut?  How many wildlife studies are needed to show no trophic transfer ► T&E or sensitive species ► Analogous to excessive chemistry non-detects ► What trophic levels should be studied Lower levels first  Need to improve collaboration and communication

6. BUILDING STRONG ® TVA Priorities  Characterization  Development of Standard Methods ► Stability of fly ash in different evironments Particularly time stability ► Industry-wide applications  Recycling of fly ash ► Need input to Regulators to help them make a decision ► Emphasizes need for Characterization  Multidisciplinary studies ► Emphasizes collaboration/communication ► Reduces redundancy  Long Term Monitoring of Perry County Landfill ► Stability of fly ash over time ► Characterization