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CHAPTER 7 Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support Systems
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Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support Systems People Perform groupwork Need to collaborate Need to communicate
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Opening Vignette: Chrysler SCORES with Groupware Chrysler used groupware to enhance collaboration and communication with suppliers Identify waste in the Value Chain Eliminate the waste
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Solution Lotus Notes Application Extended Enterprise System Incentives for suppliers to contribute Vendor relationship system Provides a competitive advantage
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SCORE Benefits Enhanced relationships with suppliers Better-quality purchasing practices Better quality product Lower costs (in 2000: $2 billion)
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Groupwork Characteristics Group performs a task Different places Different times Same or different organizations Permanent or temporary
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More Characteristics Span managerial levels Synergy or conflict Productivity gains / losses Quick response may be required Hard to meet in one place Multiple sources of knowledge External expertise
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Anytime / Anyplace Collaboration Enabled by Web Low cost PCs
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Meetings Joint activity Equal or near equal status Outcome depends on participant’s knowledge, etc. Outcome depends on group composition Outcome depends on decision-making process Disagreement settled by rank or negotiation
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Groupware To support groupwork / meetings … Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) Software that provides collaborative support to groups
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Communication Support Vital Needed for collaboration Modern information technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communication Internet / Web
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Supporting Communication Word of mouth Delivery persons Horseback Snailmail Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Videoconferencing Internet / Web
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Nonverbal Communication Important issue Not captured by most communication systems
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Supporting Collaboration (CSCW) People work together Group Support Systems (GSS) Groupware: Electronic meeting systems Electronic conferencing systems
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A Time/Place Framework Same Time / Same Place Decision Room Same Time / Different Place Video Conference Different Time / Same Place via Internet Different Time / Different Place
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Groupware Lotus Notes / Domino Server Includes Learning Space Netscape Collabra Server Microsoft NetMeeting Novell Groupwise GroupSystems TCBWorks WebEx
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Group Support Systems Goal: to support groupwork Increase benefits / decrease losses of collaboration Based on Nominal Group Technique Delphi Method Electronic Meeting System (EMS)
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Important Features Parallelism Anonymity Lead to process gains and task gains
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GSS Process Gains Parallel information processing / flow Larger groups can participate Rapid computer discussions Quiet people can participate equally Noisy people can’t strongly drive meeting Saves travel time (millions $ / year)
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GSS Process Losses Free-riding Flaming
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GSS Technologies Decision room Multiple use facility Web-based
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The Decision (Electronic Meeting) Room 12 to 30 networked personal computers Usually recessed Server PC Large-screen projection system Breakout rooms Need a Trained Facilitator for Success
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Cool Rooms Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com US Air Force
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Cool Rooms IBM Corp. Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
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Cool Rooms Murraysville School District Bus Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
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Few Organizations Use Decision Rooms High Cost Need for a Trained Facilitator Software Support for Cooperative Tasks, NOT Conflict Issues Infrequent Use Different Place / Different Time Needs May Need More Than One
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Other Technologies Multiple Use Facility Cheaper Still need a facilitator Web-based Cheaper: no extra hardware needed Still need facilitator
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GroupSystems From Groupsystems.com, Tucson, AZ Comprehensive groupware Windows & Web versions Leading software
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GroupSystems Activities Agenda Electronic Brainstorming Group Outliner Topic Commenter Categorizer Vote Others
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GSS Meeting Process Idea generation Idea organization Prioritizing Idea generation Iterate until solution is reached
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Why GSS? Successful Need Organizational commitment Executive sponsor Operating sponsor User-seductive interface Dedicated well-trained facilitator Good planning
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Distance Learning (DL) Nontraditional classroom CSCW / GSS / Groupware Requires technology Not new Effective Growing fast Corporate, too
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DL Advantages Just as effective or more Flexible time Student can keep job Student can travel in job Access anywhere / anytime Can present new technology cheaply Can focus on specific skills Can cost less Expand classroom size easily
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More DL Advantages Add breadth and depth to course More one-on-one interaction with instructor (e-mail) Student/faculty contact time increases For continuous learners Attendance is flexible (Careful!) Discussion technologies Student attitudes evolve and improve Impacts (scores) are higher
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DL Disadvantages Fewer social interactions Less or no on-campus interaction Communications problems Students MUST be highly motivated Students MUST be highly disciplined Students MUST have effective time management skills Students MUST be extremely dedicated
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More DL Disadvantages Takes more faculty and staff time Learner must be more responsible Students MUST work hard! Others …
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Distance Learning Courseware Lotus Notes Microsoft NetMeeting Novell GroupWise Learning Space (Lotus Notes) WebCT LearnLinc Virtual Classroom
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Creativity and Idea Generation Creativity: Generally a human trait Creativity and innovation Can create tremendous impacts in organizations
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Idea Generation Electronic Brainstorming Can be simulated Can adjust methods Create more ideas (information overload) Cognitive maps - useful
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Creativity Software that exhibits creativity Intelligent agents (softbots) Copycat (creates analogies) AARON (creates painted art) Genjam (writes jazz music) Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet (writes poems)
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Creativity Software Alternatives CoBrain
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Software that Facilitates Human Creativity Project KickStart ThoughtPath Creative WhackPack IdeaFisher
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GSS and Collaborative Computing Issues and Research GSS/EMS methods Web groupware Distance learning Virtual organization
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DeSanctis & Gallupe, 1987 Framework Dennis, et al, 1988 Framework Pinsonneault and Kraemer, 1989 Framework Nunamaker et al, 1991 Framework Fjermestad 1998 Framework GSS Frameworks
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DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, R. B., (1987), “ A Foundation for the Study of Group Decision Support Systems, ” Management Science, 33, 3, 589-609
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GSS Technologies
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Organizational commitment Executive Sponsor Operating sponsor Dedicated facility Site visits Liaisons Responsiveness- Use prototyping Training Cost-benefit analysis Software flexibility Managing Expectations GSS Success Factors (Implementation)
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