1. Grade 4 2010-2011

2. To describe things around us, we use adjectives or figures of speech to make people understand what we are trying to say… BUT… what if you yourself can’t describe the object/thing/concept? You just have a vague idea of what it is or you know something similar/related to it… What do you do?

3. For example: Do you know what a CEO is? But if I tell you: A CEO is to a company as a general is to an army. What do you think a CEO is?

4. How did you guess what a CEO is? You must have related it with what you know about the relationship between an army and a general! (A general is the leader of an army THEREFORE, a CEO must be a leader of a company!)

5. Another example: Do you know what geriatric means? But if I tell you, geriatric is to young as night is to day. What do you think geriatric means? How did you know?

6. Words in the English language have relationships with each other. Some words mean the same as the other words (ex. beautiful-stunning). Some words have the opposite meaning as other words (night-day) Some words describe nouns (stone-hard) Others are part of bigger things (branch-tree) While others tell you an action of that word (priest-preaches)

7. Out of the given pictures, choose two that relate to one another. State the reason for pairing them.

11. What is the term we use when we put together 2 words that have a certain relationship to explain another concept? We call them ANALOGIES! Analogies show relationships between words. These relationships can deepen your understanding about concepts just by determining how the words were put together.

12. Example: up is to down as hot is to cold What relationship do you see between up and down? Up and down are antonyms. This relationship goes as well with the second part. Hot and cold are also antonyms. REMEMBER: The two pairs in an analogy should have the same relationship.

13. KINDS OF RELATIONSHIP THROUGH ANALOGIES 1.Part-Whole Relationship Minute is to hour as ounce is to pound (PART) (WHOLE) (An hour is composed of minutes, just like a pound is composed of ounces.) A leg is to a table as a pedal is to a bicycle. (A leg is a part of a table. A pedal is a part of a bicycle.)

14. 2. Object-Action Relationships Owl is to hoot as dog is to bark. (OBJECT) (ACTION) (OBJECT) (ACTION) (An owl hoots and a dog barks.) Hero is to praise as criminal is to scorn. (We praise a hero, just as we scorn a criminal.)

15. 3. Synonym Relationships Divide is to distribute as save is to redeem. (To divide means to distribute. To save, likewise, is the same as redeem.) Infant is to baby as grown-up to adult. (Infant is a synonym of baby as grown-up is a synonym of adult.)

16. 4. Antonym Relationships Good is to bad as best is to worst. (Good and bad are opposites. Best is the opposite of worst. ) Freezing is to boiling as summer is to winter. (Freezing and boiling are opposites. The opposite of summer is winter.)

17. 5. Characterization Relationships Comedian is to humorous as host is to spontaneous. (Being humorous is the characteristic a comedian must possess, while being spontaneous is for the host.) Winter is to cold as summer is to hot. (Temperature is cold during winter, while it is hot during summer.)

18. Let us Practice! Identify the relationship in the following pairs. 1.enthusiastic is to energetic 2.pollen is to flower 3.nurse is to caring 4.approachable is to unfriendly 5.police is to watchful 6.president is to lead 7.Mom is to understanding 8.putrid is to rotten

19. Let us Practice! Complete the following analogies. 1.enthusiastic is to energetic as _______. 2.pollen is to flower as _______. 3.nurse is to caring as _______. 4.approachable is to unfriendly as _______. 5.guard is to watchful as _______. 6.president is to lead as _______. 7.Mom is to understanding as _______. 8.putrid is to rotten as _______.