1. Adolescence Socioemotional Development

2. Adolescents Must Confront Two Major Tasks
1- Achieving autonomy from their parents
2- Forming an identity – creating an integral self that harmoniously combines different aspects of personality.

3. Who Am I? Where Do I Belong in the World?
1- Adolescents’ intellectual capabilities become adult like. They can now understand abstract issues.
2- The dramatic physical changes during puberty make adolescents acutely aware of their own bodies.

4. Self-Concept
1- Adolescents distinguish others’ views of themselves from their own perceptions.
“Others look at me as laid-back and relaxed, but really, I’m often nervous and emotional.”
2- During the earlier years of adolescence, teenagers may want to view themselves in a certain way and may feel concerned when behavior is inconsistent with their view.
“I’m a sociable person and love to be with people.”

5. Self-Esteem
Gender
SES
Race
Ethgender

6. Independence and Interdependence
The issue of the “generation gap” and the turbulent conflicts between parents and adolescents has been exaggerated.
Daniel Offer’s study of 6,000 adolescents in 10 diverse nations reveals that the vast majority of teenagers all over the world get along well their parents.

7. John Hill Definition of Independence
Self-regulation
Making your own judgments
Regulating your own behavior
Think for yourself
Definitions of autonomy that stress freedom from parental influence need to be reevaluated.

8. Interdependence Reciprocal dependence
Social relationships are interdependent
Example:
Bosses depend on their workers to produce, and workers depend on their bosses to manage the enterprise.

9. Identity Development Eric Erikson
Identity Vs. Identity Confusion

10. Identity Development James Marcia
Four Modes or Identity Statuses
1- Identity Achievement
2- Identity Foreclosure
3- Identity Diffusion
4- Identity Moratorium

11. 1- Identity Achievement
The identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis, considered various alternatives, and then committed to a certain identity.
Adolescents in this status have the most balanced feelings towards their parents

12. 2- Identity Foreclosure
The identity status of those who have made commitments to an identity without going through a period of crisis in which they explored alternatives. Instead, they accepted others’ decisions about what was best for them.
They are happy and self-satisfied.
They have a high need for approval.
They tend to be authoritarian.

13. 3- Identity Diffusion
Those who have neither gone through an identity crisis nor made commitments.
Teenagers who have experienced rejection from detached and uncaring parents.
They may become drop outs, or may turn to drugs to run away from responsibility.
They are unable to have a close relationship

14. 4- Moratorium
Explored various alternatives, but are not committed and are still in the midst of an identity crisis.
They struggle with conflicting values and choices and are always faced with unpredictability.
They show high anxiety and experience psychological conflict

15. Family Dynamics 1- Parenting Styles 2- Conflict 3- Family Alliances
4- Leaving Home

16. Parenting Styles

17. Effects of Different Parenting StylesU T O R I N
Tend to produce children who are:
Withdrawn
Fearful
Dependent
Moody
Unassertive
Irritable

18. Effects of Different Parenting StylesM I S V
Tend to produce children who are:
Rebellious
Aggressive
Self-indulgent
Socially inept
Creative
Outgoing

19. Effects of Different Parenting StylesU T H O R I V E
Tend to produce children who are :
Self-reliant
Self-controlled
Socially competent
With high self-esteem
Do better in school

20. Effects of Different Parenting Styles
They produce children who are:
The child feels free to
give rein to the most
destructive impulses

21. The Judge

22. The Psychologist

23. The Consoler

24. The Critic

25. The Know-It-All

26. The Moralist

27. The Commander-in-Chief

28. 2- Why Is Conflict between adolescents and Parents Greater During Early Adolescence
1- At the start of adolescence, the relation is asymmetrical.
2- By the end of adolescence, the relation is symmetrical.
3- Differing definitions of and rationales for appropriate/inappropriate behavior.
4- The newly sophisticated reasoning of adolescents leads teenagers to question parents rules.

29. 3- Family Alliances
It is important for parents to maintain a united front and a distinct boundary between themselves and their children.
A close bond between a child and one parent that excludes the other can be destructive.
Adolescents try to test new roles to achieve new identity, and parental authority may be severely tested.

30. 4- Leaving Home Three Dimensions of Family Functioning
1- Cohesion
2- Adaptability
3- Quality of Communication

31. Relationships with Peers
1- Peers Provide the opportunity to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and physical changes – a process called social comparison
2- Peers may serve as a reference groups – groups of people with whom one compares oneself.

32. Belonging
Cliques
Crowds
Dating

33. Adolescence Dating It can be used as entertainment.
It can be used to develop a sense of one’s own identity.
Dating is often a superficial activity.
Participants never really expose themselves emotionally.
They don’t really let down their guard.

34. Sexual Orientation 1- Genetic and biological factors may play a part.
Studies of twins
Structure of the brain
2- Family, peers, and environmental factors may play a role.

35. When Adolescence Goes Awry
Risk Taking
Drug Abuse
Tobacco
Alcohol
Marijuana
Cocaine
Heroin

36. Risk Factors for Depression
1- Biological Factors
2- Negative body image
3- Low popularity
4- Low achievement in school
5- Family dysfunction
6- Marital Discord

37. Depression Protective Factors
1- Good relationships with parents
2- A particular area of competence and expertise
3- A role that includes responsibility

38. Why Is Depression More Common Among Girls?
Girls are worried about doing well at school and about being popular.
Girls are more apt than boys to experience helplessness
Boys externalize the stress and act aggressively and may turn to alcohol
Little evidence links hormonal production to depression

39. Reasons for Suicide 1- Depression
2- Perfectionism and high levels of anxiety
3- Family conflicts
4- Abuse and neglect
5- Drug and alcohol abuse
6- Cluster suicide
7- Access to and use of firearms

40. Juvenile Delinquency Undersocialized Delinquents
Tend to be relatively aggressive early in life
Tend to be rejected by peers
They fail academically
Tend to be less intelligent
Some are diagnosed with ADHD
Socialized Delinquents
Commit petty crimes, but don’t continue law-breaking