1. Acquire the Best Evidence Where do you find high-quality evidence? – Textbook (print or online) – Medline or PubMed search: find and review articles – Pre-appraised evidence Best Evidence Clinical Evidence (Therapy only) Cochrane Collaboration (Therapy only) UpToDate Which source enables you to find answers most quickly?

3. Critical Appraisal A systematic process for filtering the good from the bad Mosby items and derived items © 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc.

4. Formulating Questions

5. Background Questions Ask for general knowledge about a disorder Have two essential components: 1.A question root (who, what, where, when, how, why) with a verb 2.A disorder, or an aspect of a disorder

6. Foreground” Questions Have four (or three) essential components: 1.The patient and/or problem of interest 2.The main intervention (defined very broadly, including an exposure, a diagnostic test, a prognostic factor, a treatment, a patient perception, and so forth) 3.Comparison intervention(s), if relevant 4.The clinical outcome(s) of interest.

7. Background and foreground questions Background Foreground Experience with Condition A

8. When our experience with the condition is limited, at point “A” (like a beginning student), the majority of our questions might be about “background” knowledge.

9. Background and foreground questions Background Foreground Experience with Condition A B

10. As we grow in clinical experience and responsibility, such as at point “B” (like a house officer), we’ll have increasing proportions of questions about the “foreground” of managing patients.

11. Background and foreground questions Background Foreground Experience with Condition AB C

12. Further experience with the condition puts us at point “C”, where most of our questions will be “foreground”.

13. Clinical practice demands that we use large amounts of both “background” and “foreground” knowledge.

14. Background vs Foreground Questions Background: – What is…? – Use Textbooks for these Foreground: – Specific Clinical Issues – More Sophisticated Resources

15. First component Think about who / what you wish to apply this evidence to… e.g. – People with a particular disorder? e.g chronic pulpitis – People in a particular care setting? e.g. community – particular groups of people e.g. young women? the elderly? children? How would you describe your clients / setting?

16. Second component The intervention / topic of interest (e.g. cause, change in practice etc.) e.g. – Use of topical antibiotics – Might want to specify how much / how often – For complex interventions may need to give specific detail / consideration to the description… What exactly am I considering…?

17. Third component The comparison or alternative (not applicable to all questions) e.g. – systemic Anti-biotic therapy? – Nothing? – Fluids alone? What alternatives actions might I try?

18. Fourth component The outcome… e.g. – Cure – Duration of disease – prevention – Death – Side effects – Pain (reduced) – Wellbeing – Attachment gain – Tooth loss ……. What am I hoping to accomplish (what outcomes might reasonably be affected…)?