1. This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Attia Truelson S, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232 Slideshow Project DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232JSP Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers Barbara K. Smith, PhD, PT; Sunita Mathur, PhD, PT; Fan Ye, MD, PhD; A. Daniel Martin, PhD, PT; Sara Attia Truelson, BS; Krista Vandenborne, PhD, PT; Paul W. Davenport, PhD

2. This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Attia Truelson S, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232 Slideshow Project DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232JSP Aim – Investigate myogenic activity and morphological remodeling of parasternal muscle fibers in conscious rats after intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion (ITTO). Relevance – Weak diaphragm or intercostal muscles results in paradoxical movements between thorax and abdomen and impedes compensatory increases in ventilation during elevated drive.

3. This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Attia Truelson S, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232 Slideshow Project DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232JSP Method Conducted 2 experiments in 19 young-adult male Sprague-Dawley rats: – Investigated whether daily sessions of ITTO loading would facilitate fiber hypertrophy and regeneration in parasternal intercostals. – Compared presence of myogenic biomarkers in parasternal intercostals to diaphragm after either ITTO or sham training.

4. This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Attia Truelson S, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232 Slideshow Project DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232JSP Results 10 ITTO sessions were associated with increased cross-sectional area of type IIx/b muscle fibers and increased prevalence of Pax7-positive nuclei identified in diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscles. Additional fast to slow fiber shift and embryonic myosin heavy chain-positive fibers suggested differences in loading and remodeling of parasternal intercostals.

5. This article and any supplementary material should be cited as follows: Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Attia Truelson S, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232 Slideshow Project DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0232JSP Conclusion To provide understanding of mechanisms underlying muscle adaptation for clinical rehabilitation, future studies should: – Address functional transcriptional and translational pathways that accompany respiratory muscle training. – Examine force adaptations of respiratory muscles.