1. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 33 The Building of Global Empires

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Imperialism Begin by attaching as many concepts under the banner of imperialism that contribute to it and its ‘operational definition’

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Foundations of Empire Modern Imperialism is frequently informal, encompassing domination of trade, investment to exploit and influence affairs of subject societies without formally controlling their political system Modern colonialism refers to political, social, economic and cultural structures enabling imperial powers to dominate completely their once sovereign land (migration?)

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Motives of Imperialism Economic: need for reliable sources of raw materials including rubber, tin, copper Political: geopolitics create need for strategic control of important sites on sea lanes, harbors Cultural motive: “civilizing mission” in form of political order, social and cultural enlightenment through Christianity, Western ideologies

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Could be direct or indirect Some regions would be controlled directly, like India after the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857. Most would be favored by Indirect Control, the ‘Lugard’ technique (only works well in areas of successful indigenous rule 5

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Civilizing Mission There are significant parallels to the Columbian Model of ‘God, Glory, and Gold’ from several hundred years earlier Europeans came, saw, conquered....and justified it by saying they were delivering ‘civilization’ to the masses. American Indians, Africans, etc... Peoples seen as child-like and ignorant of the ‘right way’ to live.... (Western Civ)

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Rudyard Kipling Read the following two stanzas and pull out as much as you can from it to better understand imperialism in your notes.

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. Take up the White Man's burden-- No tawdry rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead.

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Take up the White Man's burden-- And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you.

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Take up the White Man's burden-- Have done with childish days-- The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 What were the Tools of Empire? Transportation technologies: steamships, railroads allow unlimited and faster travel at any time of year. Military technologies: increasingly powerful weapons including machine guns by the1880s. –The battle of Omdurman in 1898 Communications technologies: steamships and telegraphs, cable allow instantaneous communication.

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14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Africa & Direct Imperialism The Scramble for Africa, 1875-1900 –British Occupation of Egypt and the Berlin Conference, 1884-1885. The Belgian Congo, 1870’s-1908 –King Leopold II –10 mil. Africans died as a result of the imperial rule brutality, abuses, and high taxes. South Africa: Conflict within settler communities of Dutch, Afrikaners, Boers British Rule forced them to the interior, Voortrekker –Diamonds! –Boer War!

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16. 16 Berlin Conference 1884-1885 14 European States, United States Devised the ground rules for the peaceful colonization of Africa Not a single African present! Every part of African colonized except Liberia and Ethiopia

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19. 19 OK, so you have looked at Imperialism in Africa, how did the rest of the world fair?

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 The British Empire in India Company Rule, Why Here? –British East India Company (1700’s-1857) Death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Implementation of Sepoys and gradual expansion of merchant control –The Sepoy Rebellion (The great Rebellion of 1857) –Abolition of the East India Company, 1858 Direct Rule (1858-1947) –Viceroyalty

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 British Imperialism and transformation of India Deforestation –Cleared forests Expansion of cash crop cultivation –Tea, coffee, opium, and jute Land taxes used to finance bureaucracy Infrastructural developments –Irrigation systems –Railroad and telegraph networks –Canals and harbors Non-interference policy and cultural practices as a general rule. –However restrictions were placed upon the Sati

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. So what is Colonialism and how is it different? Climate determines.... Could mean droves of Europeans relocate to settle an area, like ___________. Or Europeans ‘Make a place like home’ but not settle en mass, like India, parts of Africa 22

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 British Success Sparked Competition for Spheres of influence South Asia to Southeast Asia Spain – Philippines Dutch – Indonesia Britain – Burma, Malaysia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) Except? Siam, why?

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25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Don’t Forget the US! Manifest Destiny-Monroe Doctrine- Roosevelt Corollary 25

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Japan, the colonial oddity Forced to open its ports to the world in 1850 Rapid Industrialization under the Meiji Era and anger at the unfair treaties forced upon them by the West As early as 1879, they began their own expansionistic conquests By 1904, they have defeated both China and Russia in successive wars and are now an Imperial Power in the Eastern Hemisphere

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Legacies of Imperialism Introduction of new crops throughout the world –Introduction of tea bushes from China to Ceylon and India –Rubber Trees transplanted all over the world –Cotton

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29. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Legacies of Imperialism Labor migrations –European migrations –Non-European migrations Colonial conflicts Racism, Sci and Pop

30. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Legacy of Imperialism Nationalism and Anti-Colonial movements Begins in India, no wonder Ram Mohan Roy Would be seen in every region that experiences colonialism/imperialism to varying degrees

31. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WWI It was seen as inevitable that the ‘Great Powers’ of the world would fight over global domination. Many saw it as unavoidable as countries sought alliances in order to defend themselves. Unfortunately, these alliances are a bit like building a house out of firewood. 31