1. Bathymetric Data Management Sujan Dahal Anni Karhunen Christian Koski Laura Leponiemi Sanna Makkonen Lucky Ogege Teemu Saloriutta Woong Shin Huang Ye

2. Bathymetric Data -Represents sea floor topography -Acquired by soundings -Boat gathers data from areas in long strips -A single line survey may contain very high amount of data -Raw data results in a point cloud -Hence, the need for an efficient processing method Picture sources: Meridata md. http://www.meridata.fi/mdps.shtml. 2014.http://www.meridata.fi/mdps.shtml NIVA. https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol11-no4-december-2003/managing-the-seabed-with- multibeam-mapping-learning-from-canadian-experience. 2014.https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol11-no4-december-2003/managing-the-seabed-with- multibeam-mapping-learning-from-canadian-experience

3. Single beam echo sounders/sonars were earlier used for sounding but it has its limitations and difficulties because, - its swath is small - it takes a lot of time Nowadays, multi beam sonars are used to acquire more data at a time. Picture from www.upcommons.edu

4. Bathymetric Data With the data a file is included that contains the following information: -sound velocity profile -sea level changes -statistical testing results -+ other information about the data Data includes (amongst other things): -ping -angle -heave -roll -pitch -date/time -quality indicator

5. Tidal Observations/Corrections - Sea level information is important during the processing of bathymetric data. -Corrections are then carried out on the data based on the sea level information of the area where the survey is being carried out. -The sea level information is acquired by conducting tidal observations over a specific period of time.

6. Data Moved into System Data files are large -> takes a lot of time to convert them into right format Surface is visualized in the system Options for viewing the data include: - point cloud / surface model - thematic colors (depth, etc) - contour lines

7. Evaluating Data Quality Point cloud density. Denser areas because strips overlap Standard Deviation Reasons for high standard deviation in data includes: Slopes  good reason Cross Checking Before sounding an area a few reference strips (crosslines) are measured that will cross the actual data. If the lines do not match the reference strips when crossing over them, then it is immediately evident that something is wrong -> quality checking on the fly. Picture sources: Wessex archaeology. http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/system/files/images/grab_bath.preview.jpg. 2014http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/system/files/images/grab_bath.preview.jpg

8. Wrecks Sideproduct of bathymetric data soundings If a wreckage is found in data the correct authorities are informed (for example museovirasto) Picture sources: MarineLink.com. http://www.marinelink.com/news/mapping-mission-dday365271.aspx. 2014http://www.marinelink.com/news/mapping-mission-dday365271.aspx

9. Data Editing - The massive amount of data obtained from sounding will require technologies that efficiently process the information - Some organizations now use sophisticated software that can handle large amounts of data and even integrate it with other software so it can be processed on different platforms for further analysis - The Fledermaus software is an example of such software used internationally by various organizations and governments -Non-sense points can be deleted either individually or whole clusters at a time.

10. Data Editing - Fledermaus with ArcGIS can be used for quality assurance and checking. - By using ArcGIS, operators can identify areas of overlapping data from adjacent lines. - Editing is often already done by the data provider.

11. Technologies of bathymetric data processing 1. CARIS Bathy DataBASE – bring bathymetry source data together with background files and imagery. 2. CARIS GIS Professional – effective spatial analysis tool that permits the creation of digital paper charts to IHO standards and also a management for coastal zone mapping and analysis. 3. CARIS HIPS & SIPS – HIPS is used to process large bathymetric datasets, while SIPS will process side scan sonar imagery and multibeam backscatter data. 4. CARIS Notebook – it allows to quickly transfer digital field survey data to cartographers. 5. HYPACK – most widely used tool for surveying, collecting, processing, reducing data and generating final products. 6. QPS – offers a seamless data flow from different hardware sensors. Not only independent of sensor manufacturer, but also hardware independent.