1. Bell Ringer 1. “I got my famous nickname during the Battle of Bull Run, when I stood like a stone wall, giving soldiers something to rally around.” 2. “I was president of the Confederacy and ordered troops to invade Maryland.” 3. “I was relieved of my command in the Union army after hesitating to attack at the Battle of Antietam.”

2. The War behind the Lines The Main Idea The Civil War created hardships, challenges, and opportunities for people in the North and the South. Reading Focus How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Civil War? How did African Americans contribute to the war effort? What was life like in the military? What similarities and differences existed on the home front in the North and South?

3. The Emancipation Proclamation Attitudes about the war changed with increased casualties –No longer about just saving the Union, the South needed to be punished for the bloodshed of the war. –Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to end slavery, denying the South the labor needed to continue the war Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, 1863 –It freed the slaves in all areas in rebellion against the U.S. –Abolitionists were upset slavery continued in the Union. –Riots broke out with increased competition for jobs in the North. –Supporters felt it would shorten the war. Overseas reaction –The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of the slaves. –With war now about ending slavery, Britain would side with the Union.

4. The Emancipation Proclamation Transcription of the Emancipation Proclamation from the National ArchivesTranscription of the Emancipation Proclamation In what ways did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Civil War?

5. African Americans and the War In the South, African American farm and plantation labor released white males for the war effort. Slaves performed many non-combat jobs in the Confederate army. Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in various jobs. They formed Union army regiments in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, serving in segregated units. Initially used for labor and guard duty, when allowed into battle they fought heroically. The 54 th Massachusetts Infantry was the most famous unit. 180,000 African Americans served in Union armies, taking part in 200 battles. More than 38,000 died serving the Union.

7. Life in the Military Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather. Camp rations were good, but while on the march soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee. Wartime medicine Disease was responsible for most deaths, and various epidemics swept through the camps. Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions. Camp life Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners. Most notorious camps—Andersonville and Elmira Prison camps

9. Life on the Home Front Southern Home Front Shortages made life difficult. There were few factories, and food production dropped because of war. War was fought on credit, and inflation resulted. High prices and shortages led to food riots. Soldiers deserted to take care of their families. Poor men were patriotic, but their families came first. Confederate Draft Needed to maintain the army Confederate Congress enacted 1 st military draft in American history—April 1862 Unpopular conscription, forced service, contradicted states’ rights Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to block the draft. Slaveholders were exempted from the draft. Some areas were placed under martial law.

10. Copperheads and the Union Draft No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more soldiers Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee—making the war a poor man’s fight. Antidraft riots fueled an existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats by supporters, Copperheads by critics. Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or emancipation were arrested and jailed without trials. This was possible because Lincoln suspended habeas corpus across the entire country, saying he was willing to violate the constitution in order to save the nation.

11. Women in the Civil War Southern Women Spied for the Confederacy Took over farms, stores, and plantations Worked in the few factories and made ammunition for the troops Formed societies to make bandages, shirts and bedclothes Acted as volunteer nurses before Confederate Congress passed law allowing them to be hired as army nurses Northern Women Stepped into jobs so men could go fight Produced huge amounts of food with the aid of new farm equipment Female teachers went south to educate former slaves after the war Became the first women to hold federal clerical jobs Served in the Union army as nurses and volunteered to work in hospitals Clara Barton- went on to found the American Red Cross