1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry by Christopher Hamaker
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2. Evolution of Chemistry
The Greeks believed in four basic elements:
1. Earth
Air
Fire
Water
All substances were combinations of these four basic elements.
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3. Scientific Investigations
Science is the methodical exploration of nature followed by a logical explanation of the observations.
Scientific investigation entails the following activities:
Planning an investigation
Carefully recording observations
Gathering data
Analyzing the results
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4. The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a systematic investigation of nature and requires proposing an explanation for the results of an experiment in the form of a general principle.
The initial, tentative proposal of a scientific principle is called a hypothesis.
After further investigation, the original hypothesis may be rejected, revised, or elevated to the status of a scientific principle.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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5. Applying the Scientific Method
Step 1: Perform a planned experiment, make observations, and record data.
Step 2: Analyze the data and propose a tentative hypothesis to explain the experimental observations.
Step 3: Conduct additional experiments to test the hypothesis. If the evidence supports the initial proposal, the hypothesis may become a theory.
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6. Applying the Scientific Method, Continued
After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis becomes a scientific theory.
A natural law is a measurable relationship.
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7. Critical Thinking: Reactions with Oxygen
What do burning wood, rusting iron, and exploding gasoline have in common?
All three are examples of combustion.
Combustion is a chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen.
Rusting is a slow reaction, burning is a rapid reaction, and an explosion is an instantaneous reaction.
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8. Modern Chemistry
Chemistry is a science that studies the composition of matter and its properties.
Chemistry is divided into several branches:
Organic chemistry is the study of substances containing carbon.
Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other substances that don’t contain carbon.
Biochemistry is the study of substances derived from plants and animals.
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9. Learning Chemistry Different people learn chemistry differently.
What do you see in the picture?
Some people see a vase on a dark background; some people see two faces.
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10. Problem Solving Connect the dots using only four straight lines.
Experiment until you find a solution.
Did you have to use five straight lines?
No matter which dot we start with, we still need five lines.
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11. Problem Solving, Continued
Are we confining the problem?
We need to go beyond the nine dots to answer the problem.
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12. Chemistry: The Central Science
Knowledge of chemistry is important to understanding the world around us.
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13. Chapter Summary
Scientists use the scientific method to investigate the world around them.
Experiments lead to a hypothesis, which may lead to a scientific theory or a natural law.
Chemistry is a central science with many branches.
The impact of chemistry is felt in many aspects of our daily lives.
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14. World of Chemistry

15. The Language of Chemistry
CHEMICAL _____________ -
pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances.
Aluminum
Bromine
Sodium

16. The Language of Chemistry
The elements, their names, and symbols are given on the PERIODIC TABLE
How many elements are there?
117 elements have been identified
82 elements occur naturally on Earth
Examples: gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
35 elements have been created by scientists
Examples: technetium, americium, seaborgium

17. The Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev ( )

18. Glenn Seaborg (1912-1999) Discovered 8 new elements.
Only living person for whom an element was named.

19. Branches of Chemistry Many major areas of study for specialization
Several career opportunities
Also used in many other jobs

20. 1. Organic Chemistry
Organic is the study of matter that contains carbon
Organic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of carbon compounds
Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals, polymers

21. 2. Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic is the study of matter that does NOT contain carbon
Inorganic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of non-carbon compounds
Polymers, Metallurgy

22. 3. Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of chemistry in living things
Cross between biology and chemistry
Pharmaceuticals and genetics

23. 4. Physical Chemistry
Physical chemistry is the physics of chemistry… the forces of matter
Much of p-chem is computational
Develop theoretical ideas for new compounds

24. 5. Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of high precision measurement
Find composition and identity of chemicals
Forensics, quality control, medical tests

25. Types of Observations and Measurements
We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state.
We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers.
Use SI units — based on the metric system