2. U.S. Imperialism 1865-1917

3. Imperialism - By 1900 the U.S. was a world power with control over worldwide empire - The “New Imperialism” -Markets & materials -Safety valve for labor unrest -Peaceful expansion?

4. International Darwinism Applied to nations Applied to nations and races Must impose religion Must impose religion culture and politics

6. Pushing Imperialism Missionaries Missionaries –Rev. Josiah Strong: Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Present Crisis =strongest survive, Christian duty Politicians – Republicans allied with business, Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge Politicians – Republicans allied with business, Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge Naval Power – Alfred T Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Naval Power – Alfred T Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Popular Press – Yellow Journalism Popular Press – Yellow Journalism

7. Alaska – Purchased from Russia 1867

8. Secretary of State William Seward is mocked for his “folly”

9. Hawaiian Coup - 1898

10. U.S. Colonization of Hawaii 1849 – Treaty of Friendship is signed 1849 – Treaty of Friendship is signed 1850’s – Protestant missionaries move in 1850’s – Protestant missionaries move in 1870’s-1890’s U.S. sugar plantations dominate Hawaiian economy 1870’s-1890’s U.S. sugar plantations dominate Hawaiian economy 1893 – USS Boston sent > Queen Liliuokalani is deposed 1893 – USS Boston sent > Queen Liliuokalani is deposed 1898 – President McKinley successfully pushes for annexation 1898 – President McKinley successfully pushes for annexation

11. The Last Queen of Hawaii

12. Yellow Journalism Pulitzer & Hearst – competition for newspaper readership Pulitzer & Hearst – competition for newspaper readership Cuban war for independence provides opportunity for exaggeration, sensationalism & deception Cuban war for independence provides opportunity for exaggeration, sensationalism & deception “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” – William Randolph Hearst “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” – William Randolph Hearst

13. Road to War Cuban Revolt 1895 Cuban Revolt 1895 Yellow Press Yellow Press –jingoism De Lome Letter 1898 De Lome Letter 1898 –Spanish diplomat –Critical of McKinley

14. “Remember the Maine” - act of war or yellow journalism?

17. A Splendid Little War? Spanish-American war ended quickly & w/relatively low casualties (mostly from illness)… Spanish-American war ended quickly & w/relatively low casualties (mostly from illness)… …But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo continued the Philippine Revolution against the U.S. for 3 years -over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many of starvation while in concentration

19. Results of Spanish-American War U.S. Defeats European Power U.S. Defeats European Power Control of Caribbean Control of Caribbean –Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller Amendment ignored) –Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Cuban affairs Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Cuban affairs Empire in South Pacific Empire in South Pacific –Philippines & Guam

20. The Anti-Imperialist League William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan Opposed further “acts of aggression” Opposed further “acts of aggression” Did the Constitution follow the flag? Did the Constitution follow the flag? –Bryan: Yes –Imperialist: NO –Supreme Court: No (The “Insular” or “Island” cases)

21. Knock, Knock! U.S. pushes for Open Door Policy in China to counter European Spheres of Influence U.S. pushes for Open Door Policy in China to counter European Spheres of Influence John Hay John Hay $$$ $$$

22. Teddy’s Big Stick Aggressive foreign policy Aggressive foreign policy Break w/tradition? Break w/tradition?

23. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine 1824 + Teddy’s Big Stick

24. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. can intervene to protect interests in Latin America U.S. can intervene to protect interests in Latin America Response to British aggression in the Venezuela Affair Response to British aggression in the Venezuela Affair Cited by later Presidents as justification for intervention Cited by later Presidents as justification for intervention

25. Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy

26. The Panama Canal

27. Panamanian Revolution Colombia refuses to allow the canal Colombia refuses to allow the canal U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to establish independent nation of Panama U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to establish independent nation of Panama Panama signs treaty allowing U.S. rights to build and “indefinite” period of administration Panama signs treaty allowing U.S. rights to build and “indefinite” period of administration

28. East Asia Russo-Japanese War 04-05 Russo-Japanese War 04-05 Gentlemen's Agreement Gentlemen's Agreement Great White Fleet 07-09 Great White Fleet 07-09 Root-Takahira 1908 Root-Takahira 1908

29. William Howard Taft 1909-13 Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy –Investment = security Increase in anti-imperialism hurts admin. Increase in anti-imperialism hurts admin. Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 (remained until ’33) Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 (remained until ’33) Lodge Corollary Lodge Corollary

30. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917 Moral Diplomacy? Moral Diplomacy? SOS William Jennings Bryan SOS William Jennings Bryan Correct past wrongs: Correct past wrongs: –Jones Act: Philippines – full terr. status, bill of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of independence –Puerto Rico – citizenship, limited self-gov –Panama Canal – repeal of U.S. toll exemption

31. Moral Diplomacy? Conciliation treaties Conciliation treaties Military interventions: Military interventions: –More use of Marines than Teddy & Taft in Latin America –Nicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican Republic –Mexico Refused to recognize Huerta dictatorship Refused to recognize Huerta dictatorship Tampico Incident Tampico Incident War avoided by “ABC” mediation War avoided by “ABC” mediation Huerta replaced by Carranza Huerta replaced by Carranza Pancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. Pershing Pancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. Pershing