1. Bryan A. Black Hatfield Marine Science Center Oregon State University Newport, Oregon Rockfish, tree rings, and climate-driven linkages between marine and terrestrial ecosystems

2. Temporal and spatial variability of growth Tree rings most familiar example -effects of competition -effects of site factors, pollutants -effects of climate -reconstructions (thousands of yrs.!) VERY VERSATILE Importance of Increments

3. Many organisms form annual increments -mollusks, corals, sponges, dinosaurs Dendrochronology applied to other organisms and… FISH In fish, growth increments formed in: -vertebrae, various bones -fin rays -scales -otoliths

4. Resolving otolith increments cut here

5. Growth increment formation - opaque zone: fast growth, low protein - translucent zone: slow growth, high protein Otoliths 1939: year of birth 1989: year of capture direction of growth

6. Candidate for dendrochronology techniques? -no resorption problems -some fish can get old! ex. 100 yr old yelloweye rockfish -increments appear to be annual Should be long enough time series if increments are clear Dendrochronology applied to other organisms

7. The physical environment affects otolith ring width -induces synchronous growth patterns -”bar codes” should match among otoliths -if not: error likely Method of accurately dating each growth increment Dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis): crossdating Required: Synchronous Growth

8. Matching growth “bar codes” Required: Synchronous Growth Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3 Trees cored in year 2000 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 most recent increment (formed in 2000) to tree center

9. Photo credit: H.D. Grissino-Mayer, The Ultimate Tree-Ring Web Pages Crossdating in Trees 1837narrowyear 1806narrowyear 1816wideyear1830wideyear direction of growth direction of growth bark

10. That works for trees, but will it apply to fish??? Crossdating in Fish 1983

11. Sebastes diploproa, splitnose rockfish Photo credit:Lifted from M. Love’s webpage Target Species: Splitnose Rockfish 15 clear splitnose otoliths collected in 1989 NMFS survey variety of ages (31 to 64 yrs) thin sectioned

12. Axis of measurement

13. Signature Year Example 1983 El Nino

14. 1905 1994 19941930

15. Measurements of splitnose rockfish Synchronous Growth 1936 195819701983

16. Statistically, how do we prove it? -correlate all otoliths with one another -low correlation = potential errors but we only want the climate signal must remove effects of: -age, vigor, artifacts of preparation isolate climate signal via DETRENDING Crossdating

17. Detrending 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 1930194019501960197019801990 year ring width (mm)

18. Detrending ring width measurements, splines detrended, mean = 1

19. all splitnose residual chronologies N = 15 Detrending

20. Correlate each otolith with sample-wide averages Crossdating

21. Step 1: select the first otolith time series Crossdating selected series

22. Step 2: average remaining (14) samples Crossdating selected series remaining 14 series

23. Step 3: correlate single series with average of others Crossdating average of remaining 14 series r = 0.62 p < 0.001 selected series

24. If we overlooked 1983 (combined 1984 and 1983) Crossdating average of remaining 14 series r = -0.11 selected series with error

25. Step 4: repeat for each of the series Crossdating selected series r = 0.58

26. Step 4: repeat for each of the series Crossdating selected series r = 0.64

27. Step 4: repeat for each of the series Crossdating selected series r = 0.45

28. Crossdating sample 1 r = 0.62 sample 2 r = 0.58 sample 3 r = 0.64 sample 4 r = 0.45 sample 5 r = 0.49 sample 6 r = 0.64 sample 7 r = 0.44 sample 8 r = 0.60 sample 9 r = 0.72 sample 10 r = 0.61 sample 11 r = 0.71 sample 12 r = 0.61 sample 13 r = 0.21 sample 14 r = 0.17 sample 15 r = 0.43 average r = 0.528

29. Crossdating sample 1 r = 0.62 sample 2 r = 0.58 sample 3 r = 0.64 sample 4 r = 0.45 sample 5 r = 0.49 sample 6 r = 0.64 sample 7 r = 0.44 sample 8 r = 0.60 sample 9 r = 0.72 sample 10 r = 0.61 sample 11 r = 0.71 sample 12 r = 0.61 sample 13 r = 0.21 potential problems sample 14 r = 0.17 potential problems sample 15 r = 0.43 average r = 0.528

30. Step 5: check then remeasure, drop, or keep problematic series context: eastern forests hemlock, maple spruce, beech: ISC = 0.5 – 0.6 Crossdating sample 1 r = 0.62 r = 0.69 sample 2 r = 0.58 r = 0.59 sample 3 r = 0.64 r = 0.66 sample 4 r = 0.45 r = 0.45 sample 5 r = 0.49 r = 0.50 sample 6 r = 0.64 r = 0.62 sample 7 r = 0.44 r = 0.45 sample 8 r = 0.60 r = 0.54 sample 9 r = 0.72 r = 0.72 sample 10 r = 0.61 r = 0.63 sample 11 r = 0.71 r = 0.70 sample 12 r = 0.61 r = 0.61 sample 13 r = 0.21 r = 0.42 sample 14 r = 0.17 r = 0.36 sample 15 r = 0.43 r = 0.43 average r = 0.528 r = 0.545

31. Spatial considerations Initial data set included fish from approx. 36-40 degrees latitude I attempted to add more otoliths Twelve out of 20 didn’t work! Why?

32. Spatial considerations -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 343638404244464850 Latitude (degrees) Interseries correlation new otolith original otolith

33. Splitnose chronology: 48 otoliths valid: 36 to 40 degrees latitude

34. Age Validation 1989: year of capture 1939: year of birth 1983: El Nino 1958: El Nino all growth increments correctly dated ex. 51 year old fish

35. Splitnose chronology: 48 otoliths valid: 36 to 40 degrees latitude

36. El Niño / La Niña Figure credit: NOAA Climate Prediction Center Departures from normal…. El Niño La Niña

37. Pacific Decadal Oscillation Figure credit: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean: U. Washington warm phasecool phase

38. Upwelling Upwelling events: deep, cold, nutrient-rich water very productive! Figure credit: D. Reed and Pacific Marine Environmental Lab

39. Environmental indices High values = COOL waters Upwelling Index Northern Oscillation Index (El Niño) High values = WARM waters Sea Surface Temperatures Pacific Decadal Oscillation USE MONTHLY AVERAGES

40. Effects of environment splitnose master chronology Feb average SST r = -0.60; p < 0.001 ring width index temperature ( C)

41. Effects of environment -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 MAY(L) JUN(L) JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP month correlation coefficient Sea surface temperature ** * * * ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05

42. Effects of environment -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 MAY(L) JUN(L) JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP month correlation coefficient upwelling index Northern Oscillation Index Pacific Decadal Oscillation sea surface temperature ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05

43. Spatial components of growth–environment relationships? February sea surface temperatures 1950:1994 2 degree x 2 degree cells correlate with splitnose chronology

44. Spatial components of growth–environment relationships?

45. Otolith and tree ring chronologies comparable Possible sites: tree line in Coast Mountains -strong maritime influence -harsh conditions Noble fir on Marys Peak Terrestrial vs. marine growth patterns

46. Noble fir measurements 24 trees 47 radii; crossdating check: ISC of 0.7; all trees significant

47. Noble fir chronology noble fir master chronology

48. Effects of environment: temperature

49. Effects of environment: TERRESTRIAL -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC correlation coefficient temperature precipitation ** * * * * * ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05

50. Effects of environment: MARINE JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Sea Surface Temperature Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern Oscillation Index * * * * ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05

51. Do rockfish and noble fir correlate? The BIG question Not at all! r = 0.05

52. NOAA ITRDB tree chronologies throughout OR, WA, CA correlations with rockfish chronology? Other tree ring chronologies

53. Rockfish and tree-ring correlations

54. Mountain hemlock vs. rockfish

55. Mountain hemlock: terrestrial corr. JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 correlation coefficient temperature precipitation ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05 ** * *

56. Mountain hemlock: marine corr. JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 correlation coefficient Sea Surface Temperature Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern Oscillation Index ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05 ** * * * * * * * * * *

57. correlation coefficient -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Cascadeshemlock JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 splitnoserockfish Sea Surface Temperature Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern Oscillation Index Correlations compared

58. correlation coefficient -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Cascades JUL(L) AUG(L) SEP(L) OCT(L) NOV(L) DEC(L) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 Sea Surface Temperature Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern Oscillation Index MarysPeak -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 splitnoserockfish

59. Rockfish growth reconstruction: Select tree crns. that -significantly correlate w/ rockfish -extend to 1990 -excellent quality throughout Average tree ring crns together -back to 1880 (20 crns) Simple linear regression Trees as Proxy Data for Rockfish

60. Reconstruction to 1880 R 2 = 0.44 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 18601880190019201940196019802000 year ring width index rockfish chronology reconstruction y = -0.4217*tree_ring + 1.4155

61. Reconstruction to 1600 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 160016501700175018001850190019502000 year ring width index y = -0.37*tree_ring + 1.3683 R 2 = 0.39

62. Growth increment data: Not limited to trees! Uses: 1) age validation 2) effects of environment Important for management and ecology! Conclusions

63. Future directions: geoduck clams 150 yrs old!

64. strong synchronous growth max. ages of 100 yrs. river chronometers Future directions: freshwater mussels

65. Ecosystem Linkages forests tree rings rivers mussel rings nearshore clam rings continental shelf fish rings

66. Hatfield Marine Science Center Newport, OR Tues. May 30 to Wed. June 7 Dendro Fieldweek 2006 Bryan.Black@oregonstate.edu