2. Chapter 25, Section 4: A Nation Divided Main Idea: In spite of the prosperity of the 1920s, the nation was divided between rich and poor, native-born and immigrant, and black and white.

3. A. The Perils of Prosperity n n Many Americans did not benefit from the economic boom of the 1920s. Trouble on the Farm n During WWI, Europeans bought American farm goods u This drove prices up & caused farmers to borrow a lot of money to buy more land & equipment. n The end of WWI caused a sharp drop in farm prices u This caused many farmers to fall in deep debt & go bankrupt. Setbacks for Labor n Labor unions expected better treatment after “stepping up” during WWI, but didn’t get it (wanted more $). u They felt betrayed that government didn’t step in to help them. n Government support & public opinion turned against unions due to numerous strikes (seen as “un-American) u Rights of unions were limited by the courts (judges), too. u Company unions – unions controlled by management.

4. The Other Half: Farmers Europeans needed food. They bought U.S. farm products. U.S. farm prices increased. U.S. farmers borrowed money to buy more land and supplies. During World War I:After World War I: Europeans began to produce their own food again. The demand for U.S. farm products decreased. U.S. farm prices decreased. Farmers could not repay their debts.

6. B. The Red Scare n During WWI, Americans had been on high alert for enemy spies. This led to a fear of foreigners after the war. The rise of communism in the Soviet Union further increased these fears (Lenin – worker revolts). Hunting Up Radicals n Anarchists were people who opposed organized government (often violently). u Many were foreign born, leading to an outcry against all foreigners in the US. n Red Scare - fear of Communists (Reds) “taking over” America from within. u Thousands of radicals were arrested and jailed. u Palmer Raids = deportations (expelled from US) Sacco and Vanzetti n Trial that symbolized nativism in the 1920s. Trial u 2 Italian immigrants (known anarchists) were convicted of murder & executed (6 years later) with little evidence and a prejudiced judge. u Many thought they were convicted because they were immigrants and radicals, not from guilt.

10. “Red Scare” – Palmer Raids

12. C. Limiting Immigration n Nativism – anti-foreigner feelings in US The Quota System n After WWI, American workers feared new immigrants would force wages down. Others feared spread of communism & anarchy. n The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited the number of immigrants from each country allowed to enter the U.S. (very racist policy) u Only 3% of any group already in the US as of 1910 would be admitted. This system heavily favored Northern European nations (especially Britain). n In 1924, immigration from Eastern Europe was further reduced (they produced the most anarchists & Communists) & banned Japanese. Newcomers From Latin America n Mexicans poured into US (not part of quota system). n Jones Act (1917) – granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. Over 50 thousand came to NYC for a better life.

13. Northern & Western Europe Eastern & Southern Europe Other Countries CountryQuotaCountryQuotaCountryQuota Germany51,227Poland5,982Africa1,100 Great Britain34,007Italy3,845Armenia124 Ireland28,567Czech.3,073Australia121 Total #142,483Total #18,439Total #3,745 Total86.5%Total11.2%Total2.3% Closing the Golden Door: Immigration Quotas, 1925–1927

14. D. The Scopes TrialThe Scopes Trial n John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, TN, was arrested in 1925 for teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to his students u This was illegal in Tennessee (& other states) because it contradicted the Bible. n The trial attracted national attention because two of the nation’s leading minds squared off against each other. u William Jennings Bryan – prosecution F Argued on behalf of religion u Clarence Darrow – defense F Argued on behalf of science n In the end, despite Darrow’s best efforts, Scopes is convicted and fined. u Many felt Darrow out-debated Bryan. u Many states still have anti-evolution laws in place, but they are rarely enforced.

15. · John Scopes, a Tennessee teacher, taught his students about Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in violation of state law. The Scopes Trial John Scopes Evolution vs. Creationism Science vs. Religion

16. · During his trial, attorney Clarence Darrow defended Scopes and William Jennings Bryan represented the state. Clarence Darrow (left) and William Jennings Bryan (right) during the Scopes trial in 1925. Famous Lawyers · Scopes was convicted and fined, and the law against teaching the theory of evolution remained. Dayton teacher John Scopes, seen here during sentencing, was fined $100.

17. E. The New KlanThe New Klan n The KKK was resurrected in 1915 in GA. n During the 20s they widened their aim to include all minorities & immigrants (mainly Catholics & Jews). u After the CW, they targeted only African-Americans, mainly to keep them from voting. u Now, they want to “protect” the U.S. for WASPs. n They used cross burnings, whippings, & lynchings to intimidate & terrorize targets. n Membership peaked in the mid-20s, but then dropped sharply due to scandals by their leaders. Racial Tensions in the North n Following WWI, African-Americans continued to face segregation in the South & racism in the North. n Many moved to northern cities during & after WWI for factory jobs, but were met with discrimination & resentment from white workers.This led to race riots. Marcus Garvey n Organized the Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. n His “Back to Africa” movement built racial pride. u Urged blacks to seek their roots in Africa (few did, though).

18. · The goals of the resurrected Ku Klux Klan were to preserve the U.S. for white native-born Protestants. The New Klan Ku Klux Klan members parading along Pennsylvania Ave. in Washington, D.C., 1925 The Ku Klux Klan reached its greatest strength in the 1920’s, with a membership of over three million people.

19. The Ku Klux Klan Great increase In power Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-women’s suffrage Anti-bootleggers Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic

20. · Many African-Americans moved north during and after World War I in search of factory jobs. Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series

21. Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association and promoted pride and unity among African-Americans.

22. F. Election of 1928 n Herbert Hoover (R) vs. Alfred E. Smith (D) Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover u Hoover (former Secretary of Commerce) was supported mostly by rural Americans, big business, & those who supported Prohibition. u Smith (former governor of NY) was supported mostly by city dwellers, immigrants, & Catholics (he was the first Catholic to run for President). n Hoover won in a landslide, even though Smith won the 12 largest cities. u Americans wanted to keep the good times rolling with the Republicans (previous 8 yrs.) u Hoover’s joy will be short lived, however, when the economy crashes w/in a year.

23. The Election of 1928 Democratic candidate: Alfred E. Smith, former governor of New York Republican candidate: Herbert Hoover, a Midwesterner Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic to run for President, received support among Catholics and city dwellers. Herbert Hoover received support mostly from Protestants & small-town voters.