1. 1865-1896

2. The Clash of Culture on the Plains In the 1860s why was a clash between Native Americans and expansionists? In what ways were migration and conflict common in the West? How did horses impact the culture of Native American tribes? How did soldiers and settlers undermine the foundations of Native American culture? Why were the Treaties of Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson significant? In what ways did white treaty makers not understand Native American culture? Only when did Native Americans surrender their ancestral land? Who comprised the US Army in the West after the Civil War? Receding Native Population What happened at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864? How did the Sioux respond to the building of the Bozeman trail? What did the Treaty of Fort Laramie say? What happened in 1874 that provoked the Sioux to the warpath? How did the US Army respond to the Sioux war party? What happened to the Nez Perce tribe in the late 1870s? What happened to the Apache tribe? How did the government deal with the “problem” of Native Americans? What factors led to the taming of the Native American population?

3. Bellowing Herds of Bison How did Native Americans use buffalo? How did buffalo impact the railroads? By 1885 how many buffalo were left? The End of the Trail Who was Helen Hunt Jackson and what did she write? What was the goal of humanitarians at the time and what was the goal of “hard liners”? Is there a difference? How did the government respond to the Sun Dance and the Ghost Dance? What were the components of the Dawes Severalty Act? Describe the government’s attempt to “civilize” the Native American population. In what way did the Dawes Act strike at the organization of Native American tribes? How did these policies impact the Native American population? Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Describe the “fifty niners” or “Pikes Peakers”. Why did the fifty niners go to Nevada? Describe boomtowns. How did the age of big business come to the gold mining industry? How did the mining frontier play a vital role in subduing the continent? How did gold and silver impact American society?

4. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive What was the issue with the long-horned cattle after the Civil War? How was this problem solved? Describe the “Long Drive”. What were some problems that could be encountered along the Long Drive? How many cattle were moved between 1866-1888. What factor led to the end of the Long Drive? In what ways did cattle raising become big business? Describe the “hey day” of the cowboy. The Farmer’s Frontier What were the provisions of the Homestead Act? In what ways was the Homestead Act a drastic departure from previous government policy? Some people thought the Homestead Act was a hoax, why? Describe fraud committed by some in relation to the Homestead Act. How did railroads impact the settling of the West? How did homesteaders break the myth of the Great American Desert? What was the 100 th meridian and why was it significant? Why did Kansas lose half of its population between 1888-1892? What was dry farming? What were some crops successfully planted in the West? Describe the federal irrigation programs.

5. The Far West Comes of Age What states were admitted to the Union during this time period? What happened in Oklahoma territory? Who were the “sooners”? The Fading Frontier What happened in 1890 that was of significance and who wrote about it? The Secretary of War prophesized that it would take 500 years to settle the West. What was the reality? What was farmers’ most profitable crop? Describe the theory of the safety valve. Why didn’t city dwellers typically move West? In what ways was the safety valve theory valid? What cities were the “safety valve” of the late 19c? What role does the Westward moving experience play in American history? Culturally what issues were faced in the trans-Mississippi West? What role did American government play in the trans-Mississippi West? Who immortalized pioneers of the West?

6. The Farms Becomes a Factory? What was the focus of most farmers during this time period? In what ways were farmers in the Mississippi Valley both specialists and business people? What was the combine? How were farms becoming like factories? How did farmers impact California? Deflation Dooms the Debtor Farmers were once masters of their own destinies, how did this change? How did low prices and the deflated currency impact farmers? Define static money supply. Describe the cycle that farmers were in during the late 1800s. How did interest impact farmers? What is “farm tenancy” and why is it significant? Unhappy Farmers How did mother nature impact agriculture? What area of the US did floods impact during the 1880s? How did the government “gouge” farmers? How did businesses and “middle men” impact farmers? How did railroad operators deal with farmers? Farmers were typically individualistic, why was this problematic?

7. The Farmers Take Their Stand Historically, how had farmers attempted to deal with low prices and deflation? What was the first objective of the Grange? How many people joined the Grange? How did the Grange’s goals expand? Where were Grangers specifically successful politically? What were the Granger laws and why weren’t they successful? What was the platform of the Greenback Labor party and how successful were they? Prelude to Populism What did the Farmer’s Alliance fight for? How was the Farmer’s Alliance weak? Why didn’t farmers of the north and south work together? What was the platform of the People’s Party (Populists)? Describe Coin’s Financial School. Name some of the major contributors of the Populist party. How did the Populists impact the election of 1892? How did racial divisions impact the Populist party?

8. Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike Who did Populists see as potential allies? Who was Jacob Coxey and what did he demand? What happened to the “Commonweal Army” once they arrived in Washington? Describe the Pullman Strike of 1894. What role did the American Federation of Labor play in the Pullman Strike? What was Olney’s argument regarding the Pullman Strike. Who crushed the Pullman Strike and why was Debs sent to prison? What does “government by injunction” mean? Golden McKinley and Silver Bryan How did depression and the long-suffering farmers impact the election of 1896? Who was the leading candidate for the Republicans? Who was Marcus Hanna and how did he “help” McKinley? What was the Republican platform? What was happening in the Democratic party during this time period? Who was the Democratic candidate? What was the “Cross of Gold” speech? Who were the Democratic “Gold Bugs” and who did they want to win the election? What was the “Demo-Pop” party?

9. Class Conflict: Plowholders Versus Bondholders What was the major issue of the campaign of 1896? How did the East respond to Bryan? What did Hanna do as the chairman of the Republican National Committee? Why did Bryan’s campaign lose ground? What areas of the US voted for McKinley? What areas voted for Bryan? Who didn’t Bryan appeal to and why? Describe the “new era” of American politics. Bryan’s defeat marked ____________________________________________. What did the Republican era usher in? Republican Stand-pattism Enthroned In what ways did McKinley shy away from reform? Describe the Dingley Tarriff Bill. What happened to the economy in 1897? How did gold impact the economy?