1. SPN7. 7 th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks SEWER MISCONNECTIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES: ARE THEY A SERIOUS PROBLEM? J Bryan Ellis Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, UK. Sheffield, August 2013

2. Surface Water Sewers in England and Wales

4. Downstream changes in NH 3 -N and PO 4 in an urban catchment, River Colne, Oxhey, Herts. River Classification Grade C/D

5. MISCONNECTION SOURCES -household/commercial premise misconnections (greywater and blackwater) - connection of industrial/commercial floor drains to surface water drainage system - abuse of surface water drainage system e.g illegal disposal of solvents, paints etc; vehicle jet-washing; wash-down of cafe/restaurant frontages/courtyards etc; illegal dumping - failing septic tanks. - dual/shared manhole chamber overflows—cross-connection rather than misconnection (??)

6. Procedural Flow for Misconnection Enforcement Notices

7. MISCONNECTION DATA AND TRENDS NATIONAL DATA - CES (1999); >1M; ~29% of all connections) - Defra (2007); 1.35M (~7M properties; £235M/year; >7% misconnection rate) - Defra (2009); 300,000 – 500,000 (3% - 5% misconnection rate) - UKWIR (2013); 130,000 – 140,000 (<1% misconnection rate; £190M) REGIONAL DATA - Thames Water (2010); 1.2M or 3% - 5%. (Based on 1 :10/20 misconnection rate; £78 - £104M reconnection cost + survey + enforcement notice) SITE SURVEY DATA - Moston Brook, Manchester (2013); 1.5km 2 ; 1700 population; ~24% misconnections) - Brent, N London (2008); 30km 2 ; 236,464 population; >7% misconnection rate; £10.4M

8. Actual Pollution Potential of Domestic Properties in Thames Water Region <0.01% misconnection rate

9. SECTION 59 ENFORCEMENT NOTICES 2008 CompanyApportioned Household Pollution Potential (x 1000) % Population served Enforcement Notices Served Thames203424%60 Severn Trent134316%86 Yorkshire Water 59913%180 Section 59 actual 326 Estimated total Section 59 requested 609 Total if all LAs fully cooperated with Section 59 869

10. Domestic Misconnections by Type

11. Domestic Misconnections by Type

12. Washing Machine SinkDishwasherBathShowerToiletTotalAverage Totals BOD (mg l -1 ) 11 (280-470) 5 (33- 1400) 11 (390-699) 7 (50- 173) 7 (80-424) 2062 (110- 350) Phosphate (mg/l -1 ) 2551752001018841006011675 Volume (litres)13.7 (17-60) 10.0 (8-14) 1.6 (2-6) 25.0 (16) 33.2 (12-20) 28.1121.6 (68-134) Volume assuming 2.36 persons per house (litres) 32 (41.5) 24 (21-31) 4 (14 – 47) 59 (37.8) 78 (29) 90287 Probability that appliance is misconnected 78%96%26%51%32%22%5% BOD (mg l -1 ) 963424331 Phosphate (mg/l -1 ) 199168525128022483843582 Volume (litres)2523130252014138 Household Appliance Misconnection Pollution Yield

13. 200720082009201020112012201320142015 National Data House Potential Misconnections (No x 10 3 ) 274294314335358378400423447 Wastewater Company reported Houses Actually Causing Pollution 480490500509519529539549558 Untreated Wastewater Volume Based on National Data (litres x 10 6 ) 37.840.643.346.249.452.255.258.461.7 BOD Loading Based on National Misconnection Data (kg) 246826462826301932223402360038024023 BOD Loading Based on Wastewater Company Data (kg) 4.324.44.54.64.74.84.94.945.0 Estimated Misconnection Wastewater Volumes and Pollution Loads Entering Thames Region Surface Waters

14. EXTRAPOLATING MISCONNECTION DATA BOD = [(POPt/Hn) x (Ma/Hn) x La x Hn] where: BOD = B OD in kg/day POPt = Total Population of catchment Hn = Number of occupants per household/property Ma = Number of each type of misconnected appliance (as determined from site survey) Hn = Total number of households/properties in survey La = BOD loading for each appliance (kg/person/day) OR BOD = [POPt x (Ma/Hn) x L i.e estimate is independent of the number of occupants per property.

15. CONCLUSIONS - Site surveys required to give accurate estimation of misconnection numbers and severity of impact. National estimations deflate likely potential scale and costs of the misconnection problem. - Misconnection rates likely to vary between average minimum of 1% to mean of 3% and average maximum of 7%. Hotspots greater than 12% - 24% can occur with observable receiving water impacts where SWOs discharge in groups or in series along an urban reach as demonstrated by N:P ratios. Need for robust and tested catchment scale extrapolation techniques to adequately quantify WFD receiving water risks. - Source tracking and compliance procedures need to be more stringent and without need to resort to third party engagement. - Need for twin-track approach with misconnection remediation (“clean-up”) in conjunction with long term “preventative” community-based programmes/campaigns of both public and professional trade knowledge and awareness. - Surface water misconnections likely to be a continued issue for urban drainage and urban receiving water quality in the UK into the foreseeable future.