1. 14. December 2010, Lars Kåre Grimsby Diversification of energy use and energy security

2. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Energy related crises in developing countries from 70- ties until now – why aren’t people adopting modern energy services?  The fuelwood crisis  Indoor air pollution  Fuelwood and gender  Deforestation and climate change  ’Energy poverty’ (MDGs) = Intervention: improved stoves, modern energy services => Lack of adoption is interpreted as due to “transition constraints” Raju, S. (1954). Smokeless kitchens for the millions Eckholm, E. P. (1975). The other energy crises: firewood Leach, G. (1992). The Energy Transition Modi, V., S. McDade, et al. (2006). Energy and the Millennium Development Goals

3. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Multiple fuel use a transition constraint  ‘Urban households generally move up the energy ladder as socio-economic conditions improve’  Both wealthy and poor households in rural areas diversify energy use rather than moving up the ladder  Constraint to the energy ladder theory => Multiple fuel use may be a risk minimization strategy Smith, K. R., M. G. Apte, et al. (1994). Air-pollution and the energy ladder in Asian cities Masera, O. R., B. D. Saatkamp, et al. (2000). From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: A critique and alternative to the energy ladder model

4. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Multiple fuel use at household level a strategy for energy security according to IEA  ‘Use of multiple fuels improves energy security, since complete dependence on a single fuel or technology leaves households vulnerable’  => Diversification of energy use in households considered a rational strategy for securing energy supply OECD/IEA (2010). Energy Poverty: How to make modern energy access universal?

5. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Energy security and rural livelihood diversification  Energy security - ‘the uninterrupted physical availability at a price which is affordable, while respecting environment concerns’ through ‘promoting diversity, efficiency and flexibility’  ’… increasingly diverse portfolio of activities and assets in order to survive and to improve their standard of living’ IEA webpage: www.iea.orgwww.iea.org Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries

6. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Study household energy use in Siha district, Tanzania  Productive rural area  Diverse livelihood activities  Developed infrastructure (roads, grid, fossil fuels)  Much dissemination of energy related information by organisations  Look at diversification of energy use

8. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no What’s cooking in a household - example  The preferred fuel is firewood. Use it in the improved stove. Reduce consumption during rainy season since costs increase  After harvest use maize cobs for some weeks to reduce costs. Use the three stones since improved stove can not take this fuel  During rainy season, heat the home with charcoal stove. Also use charcoal stove for preparing hard food some times  Generally use a kerosene stove for preparing hot water in the morning since it is fast  Sometimes use the sawdust stove for preparing long simmering food. Sawdust is free, but you need a special stove

9. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Diversifying energy use for energy security  Availability of energy carriers vary, for example with season. Diversification increases flexibility  A diverse set of technology and energy carriers can allow reduction of costs  Different energy carriers and technologies are suitable for different purposes  A diverse set of energy carriers and technologies can function as back-up

11. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no The importance of light – an example  Households connected to grid also have solar panels  In the rainy season, solar panels are weak and there are power cuts  Switch to kerosene lamps, but that is expensive  Use koroboi in kitchen because it is too dirty for light bulbs and kerosene lamps  Flashlights are used when power cuts and to see to the animals  Flash light on cell phone is used when out walking after dark  Candles are kept as backup

12. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no More theoretical arguments for the rationality behind diversification of energy use  A diverse energy portfolio can increase both technical and allocative efficiency of energy use in the household. More rational use of resources  Partial integration in the energy market can reduce vulnerability to shock and perturbations since the household can withdraw to use local resources outside the market  Operating in markets across scales (local to international) can also reduce vulnerability. The household can switch energy following cost and availability Ellis, F. (1993). Peasant economics: farm households and agrarian developoment “Efficient but poor” - Schultz, T. W. (1964). Transforming traditional agriculture

14. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no How about storage to improve energy security?  Diversification of energy use –Common across various household-categories (livelihood strategy, wealth, educational level)  Storage of energy carrier to reduce vulnerability –Few households store firewood for the rainy season –Limited storage of kerosene and batteries for stoves and flash lights => Storage as a strategy for improving energy security not that common. Need not felt?

15. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no New technology, new energy security?  Willingness to pay for energy for ’communication’ and communication devices –Cell phone charged in kiosk, 1.2 USD/kWh  Demand for communication and entertainment may increase demand for electricity = Household energy security constantly redefined to cater for new needs?

16. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no Diversification of energy use for energy security  New demands may extend the boundaries of ’household energy security’  A diverse energy regime can be resilient to supply shocks, but also to change  Use of technological interventions to improve energy use might only take place when the situation is ”suitable”