1. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 Nursing Foundations

2. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Origins Youngest profession but oldest art During the Middle Ages in Europe Religious groups assumes many roles of nursing

3. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Nightingale Reformation The Crimean War Nightingale’s contributions –Training people for future work –Selecting those with upstanding character –Improving sanitary conditions for sick and injured

4. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Nightingale Reformation (cont’d) Nightingale’s contributions (cont’d) –Reducing death rate of British soldiers (from 60% to ….?) –Providing classroom assistance and clinical teaching –Advocating nursing education should be lifelong

5. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement true or false? Florence Nightingale advocated that nursing education should be lifelong.

6. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True. Florence Nightingale advocated that nursing education should be lifelong because of technological advances, to demonstrate competence and ensure the public’s confidence, and to practice according to current nursing standards.

7. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Contemporary Nursing( التمريض المعاصر ) Combining nursing art with science (skills & knowledge) –Art: "Ability to perform an act skillfully ". –Science:" Body knowledge unique to particular subject". Integrating the nursing theory –Nursing theories and application (table.. next)

8. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Contemporary Nursing (cont’d)

9. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Contemporary Nursing (cont’d) Defining nursing –Nursing definitions by: oFlorence Nightingale oVirginia Henderson oAmerican Nurses Association

10. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder Factors that influence choice of nursing program: –Career goals –Geographic location of schools –Opportunity for part-time vs. full- time employment

11. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Factors that influence choice of nursing program (cont’d): –Costs involved –Length of program –Reputation and success of graduate –Flexibility of course scheduling

12. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (RN) –Works with physician or dentist –Manages or provide direct care to client –Educates clients and the public: medical conditions –Delegates client care to LPN

13. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d) –Three paths  Hospital-based diploma program  Traditional route for nurse  Lowest number of diploma programs compared to other basic nursing educational programs

14. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d)  Hospital-based diploma program (cont’d) oReasons for decline  Movement to increase professionalism in nursing  Hospital no longer financially subsidizes school of nursing

15. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d)  Associate degree program (diploma) Length: 24 months Aimed at shortening nursing education Would not be expected to work in a management position

16. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d)  Baccalaureate program oGreatest flexibility in qualifying for nursing positions oPreferred in areas requiring substantial independent decision making

17. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Ladder (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d)  Graduate nursing program oMaster’s-prepared nurses: clinical specialist, nurse practitioner, administrator, educator oDoctoral degree: conduct research; advise, administer, and instruct nurses pursuing graduate and undergraduate degrees

18. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Program (cont’d) Registered nurse (cont’d)  Continuing education oPlanned learning experience beyond the basic nursing program oRationale for acquiring continuing education

19. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Educational Program (cont’d)

20. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Unique Nursing Skills Assessment skills (Acts that involves collecting data) –Following activities requires use of assessment: oInterviewing, observing, examining client and family; reviewing client’s medical record; obtaining facts from other health care workers

21. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d) Caring skills (action to restore and maintain health) –Assisting with ADLs –Safe care of clients who require invasive or highly technical equipment –Helping client become self-reliant

22. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Counseling skills –Communicating with client –Actively listening –Offering pertinent health teaching –Providing emotional support Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)

23. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Counseling skills (cont’d) –Use active listening –Clarify client’s perspective (own decision) –Teach clients: promote healing processes, staying well, preventing illness, and carrying out ADLs –Use empathy not sympathy Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d)

24. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Empathy: "Intuitive awareness of what the patient is experiencing". Sympathy:" Feeling as emotionally distraught as the patient".

25. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Unique Nursing Skills (cont’d) Comforting skills –Provide stability and security during a health-related crisis