1. DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis
Chapter 12

2. DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
STRUCTURE:
DOUBLE HELIX (SPIRAL LADDER)
MADE OF NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS
PHOSPHATE
SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE)
NUCLEOTIDE BASE (A,T,C OR G)
THE “HANDRAILS” OF THE LADDER ARE THE SUGAR & PHOSPHATE
THE “STEPS” ARE THE BASES PAIRED UP

3. All of the following are subunits of a nucleotide except which?
A. Phosphate
B. Sugar
C. Carbohydrate
D. Base

4. Which part of the DNA molecule (“ladder”) contains the sugar and phosphate?
A. the “steps” of the ladder
B. Nucleotide bases
C. Double strands
D. the “handrails” of the ladder

5. BASE PAIRING The order of nucleotides creates a code
Different for every living thing
Even identical twins have some differences in their codes

6. BASE PAIRING DNA IS LIKE THE RECIPE BOOK IN THE CELL FACTORY
IT IS LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS (MAIN OFFICE) OF THE CELL.
IT HAS SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY.
ONLY THE “PAGES” OR PARTS OF THE INSTRUCTIONS NEEDED BY A
PARTICULAR CELL ARE ACTUALLY USED.
EX: THE DNA IN YOUR SKIN CELL HAS ALL OF THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT THE ONLY PART THAT IS USED IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING SKIN.

7. What is the role (job) of DNA?
A. making sugars
B. breaking down sugars
C. modifying proteins
D. giving directions to the cell

8. If a scientist compared the DNA sequence of a human, a dog, and a tree, she would find the two most similar sequences would be from the dog and the human.
True or False?

9. DNA Replication Making more DNA
WHEN NEW CELLS OR “FACTORIES” ARE NEEDED, THE DNA IS THE FIRST THING TO BE COPIED. IT OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
THE DNA LADDER “UNZIPS”
FREE NUCLEOTIDES FLOATING IN THE NUCLEUS PAIR UP WITH THEIR COMPLIMENTS (A-T, C-G)
THIS CONTINUES IN SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE LADDER UNTIL THE COPYING IS COMPLETE

10. What ensures that the DNA code is copied correctly each time?
A. bases pair up A-T, C-G
B. subunits align
C. the “ladder” unzips
D. phosphates and sugars pair up

11. DNA Replication Making more DNA
THE 2 NEW LADDERS EACH CONTAIN ONE OLD STRAND AND ONE NEW STRAND.

12. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid RNA STRUCTURE: NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS
PHOSPHATE GROUP
SUGAR (RIBOSE)
NUCLEOTIDE BASE
(A, U, C or G)
SINGLE STRAND (ONE SIDE OF A LADDER)

13. RNA – 3 types
FUNCTIONS:
TO CARRY A SINGLE DIRECTION (RECIPE) TO THE RIBOSOMES (mRNA)
TO BRING THE AMINO ACIDS (INGREDIENTS) TO THE RIBOSOME ACCORDING TO THE RECIPE (tRNA)
TO BIND THE AMINO ACIDS (INGREDIENTS) TOGETHER TO MAKE PROTEIN-OR THE CANDY IN OUR FACTORY. (rRNA)

14. RNA TRANSCRIPTION: copying the DNA code to mRNA
DNA “UNZIPS”- ONLY THE PORTION NEEDED
FREE NUCLEOTIDES PAIR WITH THEIR COMPLEMENTS
ONLY A PORTION OF ONE SIDE OF THE DNA LADDER IS COPIED
THE MESSENGER RNA PEELS OFF THE DNA TEMPLATE AND LEAVES THE NUCLEUS TO GO TO THE RIBOSOME

15. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
Ribosome “reads” the recipe from the mRNA codon
tRNA molecules bring the amino acids in the correct order according to the codon
Every 3 bases codes for a particular amino acid
Look up the codon on page 303 of textbook to find amino acid
Amino acid sequence determines the type of protein

16. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
Summary:
DNA is found in nucleus
mRNA is made in the nucleus from DNA template
mRNA carries the message to the ribosome
Protein is made using mRNA code like a “recipe” and amino acids as “ingredients”

17. RNA can be found in 3 places
RNA can be found in 3 places. These include all but which of the following?
A. ribosomes
B. cytoplasm
C. nucleus
D. vacuoles

18. Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?
A. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
B. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
C. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
D. All of the above are differences between DNA and RNA

19. Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein
A sequence of DNA contains the code:
AAT TCC TGC
What would be the amino acid sequence?
1.transcribe:
UUA AGG ACG
2.Look up codons on table
3. Leu (leucine)
Arg (arginine)
Thr (threonine)

20. What is the amino acid sequence for the DNA strand: ATG TTA TAT GAG ?
A. TYR ASN ILE LEU
B. MET LEU TYR GLU
C. MET TYR ASN ILE STOP
D. TYR ASN LEU ILE

21. Mutations Sometimes a mistake happens during replication:
The wrong base pairs up (substitution)
An extra base is inserted (insertion)
A base is deleted (deletion)

22. Mutations
If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA that the cell needs, a genetic defect is caused
If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA not needed by the particular cell, no effect.