1. GETTING TO KNOW DNA:

2. Below is one of the molecules that makes up DNA. What functional groups do you see in the molecule: 1.Hydroxyl 2.Carboxyl 3.Amino 4.Phosphate

3. Which of the following contains the most variety of essential elements A C B D 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

4. As you know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

5. Functions of DNA Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins

6. Types of Nucleic Acids 1.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): double- stranded 2.RNA (ribonucleic acid): single- stranded

7. Nucleic Acid Structure The monomer units of DNA are known as nucleotides All nucleotides have three “parts” in common: a.Phosphate b.Pentose sugar a.(ribose or deoxyribose) c.Nitrogen base

8. Deoxyribose Sugar (DNA) Has 5 carbons Carbon atoms are numbered 1', 2', 3', 4', and 5' 5'-carbons link to the phosphate groups 3'-carbons link to the hydroxyl groups

9. Is DNA a monomer or polymer 1.Monomer 2.Polymer

10. What does it mean to be a polymer??? What does it mean to be a monomer?

11. What type of reaction is being shown below? 1.Covalent 2.Oxidation 3.Hydrolysis 4.Dehydration Synthesis 5.Polymerization O O0

12. The molecules marked “Y” and “W”: 1.Polymers and monomers 2.Water and polymer 3.Water and monomer 4.Water and water 5.Monomers and polymers

13. The monomer units of DNA are known as…. NUCLEOTIDES

14. All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain…. Sugar= Deoxyribose Phosphate Group One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES

15. PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…

16. Let’s Practice How to Form DNA!

17. We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide. SUGAR PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE

18. The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters…. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine A T G C

19. Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this???

20. Time to find out why this is wrong!!!

21. Adenine and Guanine are larger molecules known as… PURINES LOOK! TWO RINGS!!!

22. b.Purines: combination of a pentagon shaped ring and a hexagon shaped ring 1.Adenine 2.Guanine

23. THYMINE and CYTOSINE are smaller molecules known as… PYRIMIDINES LOOK! Only one ring!!

24. Nitrogen Base Pairing Adenine and Thymine must form two hydrogen bonds to be stable while Guanine and Cytosine must form three –Makes the base pairing system an extremely simple: the A-T and C-G pairs are the only ones physically possible

25. Now, when using our hands to represent the nucleotides, we must modify the nitrogen base in order to represent these PURINES and PYRIMIDINES. How would you represent a large PURINE? How would you represent a small PYRIMIDINE? Full Finger Half Finger

26. In DNA, a PURINE always bonds with a PYRIMIDINE when forming a “rung” of the DNA ladder. LOOK! A long finger pairs with a short finger! In other words, a purine pairs with a pyrimidine.

27. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen bonds. A T

28. A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

29. In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds. G C

30. G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

31. THE ENTIRE MOLECULE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

32. Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DON’T

33. OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer from these monomers.

34. In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder. Look. Many Rungs. Etc…

35. What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder? Etc… Sugar, Phosphate. Etc…

36. What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder? The Nitrogen Bases

37. Go Ahead! Stack you hand on top of your partners hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder.

38. Why is this WRONG????

39. The sides of the DNA ladder “run” in opposite directions. One side is actually flipped and the nucleotides are upside down!

40. TRY IT!!!

41. Because the sides of the DNA “run” in opposite directions, DNA is said to be ANTIPARALLEL.

42. In this DNA molecule, the THUMB part or better known as the PHOSPHATE GROUP, is said to be the 5 prime (5’) end. 5 prime

43. The “hand” or sugar part of the DNA molecule makes up the 3 prime (3’) end of the DNA ladder. 3 Prime

44. Direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. Asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5′ (five prime) and 3′ (three prime) ends –5' end having a terminal phosphate group –3' end having a terminal hydroxyl group

45. If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double Helix

46. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

47. You Need… Two Pipe cleaners Two red twizzlers Two black twizzlers Many toothpicks Four different colored marshmallows

48. The marshmallows represent the nitrogen bases. Let’s decide as a class what colors will represent the following nitrogen bases. ADENINE = THYMINE= CYTOSINE= GUANINE=

49. Cut the black twizzlers into 1.5 cm pieces. These will represent the phosphate groups Cut the red twizzlers into 3 cm pieces. These will represent the sugars. Person One Person Two

50. Add the twizzlers to the pipe cleaners. Remember, you need to alternate SUGAR (red) AND PHOSPHATE GROUPS (black). When you are finished, your strand should not end in the same color you started with!

51. Did you and your partner make the same number of nucleotides on the sides of your ladder? If not, FIX IT!!!

52. Time to put together the two sides. Using the toothpicks and marshmallows, you are to add the nitrogen bases to the sides of the ladder. Remember, the nitrogen bases “come off” the sugar part of the nucleotide. As a result, they should be coming off of the red twizzler. Please use two of the same color marshmallows to represent one ADENINE and GUANINE. The BIG purines. Please use only one marshmallow to represent THYMINE and CYTOSINE. The small pyrimidines.

53. Following your teachers directions, let’s build one long strand of DNA

54. What is a GENE?