1. Ground-based real time monitoring of eruption clouds in the western Pacific K. Kinoshita, S. Tsuchida, C.Kanagaki (Kagoshima Univ.), A. Tupper ( Darwin VAAC), E. Corpuz & E. Laguerta (PHIVOLCS) 2nd International Conf. on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, June 21-24, 2004, Washington, D.C.

2. We discuss the marked volcanoes in Japan and Mayon in the Philippines. Volcanoes in Japan are well monitored recently by JMA, univ. researchers etc., and volunteers.

3. Ground Observation: Why and How ? Height information of eruption clouds is decisive for the prediction of ash flow Speculate the flow of poisonous gas Understand the ejection activity Interval recording of the whole scene of volcanic cloud with some distance, and archiving. Real time monitoring via Internet, if possible. See new booklet by Kagoshima group!

4. Methods of interval recording

5. Ground NIR observation IR-84 Video Camera Network Cam.

6. Advantages for NIR observation Not obscured by sea-haze Clairvoyant observation from long distance Distinguish aerosols more clearly than visible obs. Detect hot anomaly Detect vegetation damage by ash, gas and lava

7. Visible vs. NIR Satsuma-Iojima From a boat Sharp VN-EZ5 Not obscured by sea-haze

8. Clairvoyant observation of Kirishima Volcanoes 48 km away by NIR Visible

9. Close up of Takachiho peak 48 km away NIR vs. Visible 14 Jan. 2004

10. Aerosol Sakurajima, 9.8 km away (a)NIR (b)Red (c)Green 2 Dec. 2003 at 8:00

11. Mayon Volcano (2460 m) NIR vs. Vis.

12. Monitoring of Mayon Volcano Network cameras and Video camera Network system (local)

13. Vis. and NIR monitoring scenes Visible Camera: Axis2120 every 10 minutes during 5:30 and 18:30 NIR Camera: Axis2420IR-Sensitive ＋ IR-84 every one-hour continuously from 11km away

14. Internet Connection since April 2004

15. Digital Camera every one hour during 22 June – 16 Aug. 2003 2003.07.15 7:00 2003.08.16 7:00

16. Diurnal variation of plume height during 24 June –16 Aug. 2003 time h (m)

17. Video camera recording, ½ sec every 10 min. since 22 June 2003

18. Summary of Mayon Observation 1.Interval recordings by digital camera and video camera, since 22 June 2003. (Good views are rather limited in the morning and evening ) 2.NIR and Vis. Network camera with local storage, since 23 Feb. 2004 3.Internet connection since April 2004 See http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/mayon/ Paper III in the booklet, June 2004

19. Active Volcanoes in SW Japan Satsuma-Iojima Suwanosejima By Dr. Fukuzumi

20. Ground and Satellite Observation of Eruptions at Suwanosejima Volcano 8 Aug. 2002 at 11:00JST Suwanosejima is a volcano currently in eruption to the south of Kyushu. We set a network camera on 6 Aug. 2002 at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater. See Paper IX in the booklet.

21. Especially active in 2002, erupting many times almost every day in August 7 Aug. 2002 10:30JST Eruption clouds at Suwanosejima

22. 8 Aug. 2002 10:40-12:00 by Network camera at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater

23. 10 Aug. 2002 14:40-16:40 by Network camera(6 Aug.-)

24. 14 Aug. 2002, 6:20-7:20 by Network camera

25. 19 Aug. 2002 eruptions, reports, photo At Suwanosejima PortAt Suwanosejima school JMA issued Volcano Advisory No. 1 on Suwanosejima in the morning of 19 Aug. Volcanic lightning, thunder and a red sky were observed on the summit of Suwanosejima – Otake (799m) on the night of 20 Aug. Ash fell in Naze city, Amami-oshima, 140km SSW of Suwanosejima on 20-21 Aug. VAAC Pilot Report Volcanic Ash Cloud 09:35JST 1800m 11:34JST 1800m 14:28JST 2400-2700m 14:34JST 2400-2700m Network camera at 13:40

26. 19-20 Aug. 2002, Terra-MODIS infrared images ‘Aerosol Vapor Index ‘(‘split window’, 12- 11  m) 19 Aug. 2002 at 23:05 JST 3.7, 11, 12  m image, 20 Aug. 2002 at 22:10 JST

27. 19 Aug. 2002 plumes, NOAA/AVHRR 08:26JST13:11JST16:00JST 17:42JST18:25JST19:41JST

28. NIR Network camera since 18 Feb. 2004 29 Apr. 2004, 12:00 9 Apr. 2004, 9:00

29. Automatic long-time recording without AC power supply by Digital camera package It runs every one hour recording for 130 days by a Li-ion battery pack

30. Record from crater rim Every 20 min. during 12:22 –15:42 on 28 Jan. 2004 Suwanosejima

31. Interval recording at Satsuma-Iojima Observation Station: 3 km WSW from the summit crater, since 23 July 1998 Video camera Digital camera SONY DCR-TRV900 SHARP MD-PS1 -> NIR mode by DCR-TRV- 30 -> Ricoh Caplio G4 wide UPS

32. Digital camera records at Satsuma-Iojima

33. Hot anomaly (?) by NIR camera After sunset DCR-TRV30 & IR-85 （ KENKO ）

34. NIR Web Camera at Satsuma- iojima since Feb. 2003 aerosol Creative Webcam plus & IR-84

35. Sakurajima Observation Points A, B, C, Iso, Ta : Plume observation points + gas monitoring stations

36. Interval recordings at Sakurajima A: Web Cam. (Dec. 2000-) B: Video rec. (Sept. 1987-, to DVD). C: Video rec. (Nov. 1994-), Net. Cam (Mar. 2003-) Ta: Dig. Cam. (Dec. ‘98-Fe. ‘03). Net. Cam.(Feb. ‘03-) 99-12-03 08:00 99-12-03 09:00

37. Sakurajima plume exhibiting mountain lee wave, observed from B

38. Lee waves, observed from B Jan. 12, 1995, 8:03 JST Aug. 19, 1990

39. Miyakejima Eruptions since July 8, 2000, with big ones in Aug. 2000 Enormous SO 2 ejection since mid- Aug. 2000 Inhabitants evacuation since September 2000 SO 2 detected 100-400 km leeward in mainland Japan

40. Miyakejima from Mikurajima and the air by Dr. Terada

41. Gas monitoring stations in Miyakejima A : Nov. 2000 - B : mid-Sept. 2001 - C : Mar. 2002 - D : Apr. 2004 - 4 more added

42. 1 hour value of SO 2 > 1ppm vs. wind direction at 925 hPa at 120km away % A1 0.4 B1 5.6 C1 8.7 C2 7.7 A2 9.7 C3 0.4 B2 0.2 C4 2.6 A3 0.8 B3 0.6

43. Vegetation Damage in Miyakejima ASTER images on 7 April 2003 (a)Red: 0.63-0.69  m. (b) NIR: 0.78-0.86  m. (c) NDVI

44. Concluding remarks Long-time automatic observation by the cameras from the ground, combined with satellite images, is useful for the studies of volcanic clouds and gas. The use of NIR band has opened a new era of the ground observation. Real time monitoring from the ground is important for aviation safety, disaster prevention of inhabitants and avoidance of ash and gas damages far away.

45. Thank you very much ! Booklets Volcanic Eruption Clouds in the Western Pacific - Ground and satellite based observations and analyses - Flow and Dispersion of Volcanic Clouds (2001) Homepages http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/index-e.html http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/sing/index-e.htm Asian Dust Events http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/adust/kosa-e/kosa- e.htm

46. Appendix: Eruption cloud height estimate and simulation For pilots training by SiPSE-3D