1. 1. What happens after a guilty verdict is reached? 2. What types of punishments can offenders receive? 3. What do you think might be the aims of punishing offenders? 3. What might be an indicator of a successful punishment?

2. After a Guilty Verdict Imprisonment

3. After a Guilty Verdict Imprisonment Employment Gillis & Nafekh Suicide Palmer and Connelly PrisonZimbardo Alternative to Imprisonment ProbationMair & May Restorative Justice Sherman & Strang Looking Death Worthy Eberhardt Treatments CBTCann Anger Management Ireland Ear Acupuncture Wheatley

4. After a Guilty Verdict Once a guilty verdict has been announced the defendant becomes part of the penal system and is an offender. The penal system has two aims: Punishment and rehabilitation. Effectiveness is measured by looking at re-offending rates. If the punishment and rehabilitation has been successful the offender should not re-offend. Recidivism means repeating undesirable behaviour after you’ve been punished for it.

5. Imprisonment In the summer of 2007 the UK prison population reaches an all time high of 81,000, despite having an official capacity of only 78,000, leading to serious overcrowding. What are the implications of this?

6. Planned behaviours once freed from jail Azjen’s (1988) theory is that a prisoner’s positive intention to stay out of prison is key to success. This intention will be influenced by the prisoner’s personality, their beliefs about the value of their life outside of prison and their sense of control over their destiny. In reality it is not that easy. What other factors might affect re-offending? Research has shown that leaving prison with no employment prospects and a lack of normal ambition are important risk factors for a return to prison. In a typical profile of a prisoner in the UK, we find that 50% of all prisoners are at or below the level expected of an 11-year old in reading.

7. Imprisonment: Planned behaviours once freed from jail Gillis & Nafekh (2005) – The impact of Community-based employment on offender reintegration Evaluation Sample: Design:

8. Imprisonment: Planned behaviours once freed from jail Gillis & Nafekh (2005) – The impact of Community-based employment on offender reintegration Other factors that can decrease re-offending besides employment programs Implications/usefulness:

9. Depression/suicide risk in prisons According to the Howard League for Penal Reform there were 92 unnatural deaths in prisons in 2007, with a further 100 resuscitated, a rise of 40%. At any one time there are 1500 prisoners on suicide watch, considered to be of high risk of killing themselves. As well as suicide, self-harm is common amongst prisoners.

10. Read Page101 What is the link between suicide and imprisonment?

11. Imprisonment:Depression/suicide risk in prisons Palmer and Connelly Evaluation Sample: Measuring Devices: Personality vs situational factors: Application:

12. Imprisonment: The prison situation and roles You will remember studying Reicher & Haslam in Year 12 and discussing the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment by Zimbardo. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZwfNs1pqG0 There are two conflicting points of view: - 1. Prison should be harsh to act as a deterrent. 2. Humane prisons are a sign of a cultured society – prison as rehabilitation. What are the arguments for and against each point of view?

13. Imprisonment: The prison situation and roles Haney & Zimbardo: The past and future of prison policy in the USA Zimbardo hoped that his study would lead to an improvement in the American Penal system and the treatment of prisoners. It is worth noting here that American jails are much tougher than UK prisons. Part 1: Summary of changes to the prison system over 25 years

14. Imprisonment: The prison situation and roles Haney & Zimbardo: The past and future of prison policy in the USA Haney & Zimbardo argue that the USA is carrying on discrimination against black people and encouraging a dispositional explanation of criminal behaviour. The ‘supermax’ cell is another example of a dispositional explanation being used to categorise some prisoners as ‘problem prisoners’ instead of looking at the context and situation. A dispositional explanation sees the cause of criminal behaviour as being entirely due to an individual’s personality, rather than considering the environment which would be a situational explanation.

15. Imprisonment: The prison situation and roles Haney & Zimbardo: The past and future of prison policy in the USA Part 2: Suggestions for improvements

16. Imprisonment: The prison situation and roles Haney & Zimbardo: The past and future of prison policy in the USA Usefulness: