1. The Lasting Impact of Europeans: Religion, Language and Slavery
SS6H2 The student will explain the development of Latin America and the Caribbean from European colonies to independent nations.
a. Describe the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas.
b. Describe the influence of the Spanish and the Portuguese on the language and religions of Latin America.

2. Slavery in Latin America
Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade.
Farmers and plantation owners first used Native Americans; European diseases and warfare killed millions of Native Americans.
Workers were still needed on sugar, tobacco, and other types of plantations which brought about the Africa slave trade in the Americas.

3. Slavery in Latin America
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4. Slavery in Latin America
Between the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas.

6. 10 to 20 Million Enslaved Brazil Spanish Empire Caribbean
North America
.5 – 1 million

7. Triangular Trade
Triangular trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, in the shape of a triangle.
(Europe, Africa, and the Americas)

8. Triangular Trade
First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves.
Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold.
Third leg carried American products to Europe.

9. Triangular Trade Route
Europe
Manufactured goods (beads, cloth, guns)
The Americas
Cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses, rum
Africa
slaves

10. Triangular Trade
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11. Spread of Culture
As result of slave trade, people of African descent spread throughout Americas, Western Europe
Spread called African Diaspora
Eventually led to spread of African culture—music, art, religion, food—throughout the Western World
Slaves and other ethnic groups blended

12. Languages of Latin America
The term Latin America refers to the origin of the languages Spanish and Portuguese from Ancient Roman Empire.
These languages are spoken widely throughout Latin America as a result of European colonization of the region.

13. Languages of Latin America
There are two main languages spoken throughout Latin America
Portuguese- Brazil
Spanish- in most other countries

14. Languages of Latin America
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15. Recall- Why did Europeans Explore?
The 3 G’s:
God
Gold
Glory

16. The Three G’s
European explorers had found gold and glory in the Americas.
Now it was time to focus on God.

17. Spread of Christianity
After the Spanish conquered the Aztecs and the Incas (and other Native Americans), they tried to convert them to Christianity.

18. Spread of Christianity
                                                                                                         
Just as the Catholic Church was powerful in Spain… it soon became powerful in Latin America
Catholic priests set up churches, schools, hospitals and Spanish missions

19. Spread of Christianity
The purpose of Spanish Missions and the priests was to spread the Christian religion among the local natives.

20. Spread of Christianity
To help accomplish this, each Spanish mission recruited local natives, brought them to live at the mission and taught them Spanish, farming and other skills.

21. Religion of Latin America Today
The lasting impact of the spread of Christianity can still be found throughout Latin America today.
94% of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic.

22. Religion of Latin America Today
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23. Latin America Independence
Simon Bolivar
Miguel Hidalgo
Toussaint L’Ouverture

24. Revolutions Begin
Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe.
The revolutions in the United States and France led to other independence movements around the globe.

25. Simon Bolivar The Liberator
Simon Bolivar, the great revolutionary leader known as “the Liberator of South America,” was born to a wealthy family of Creoles in Caracas, Venezuela in 1783.

26. Simon Bolivar He was educated in Spain.
While in Spain, he traveled to France where he saw the crowning of Napoleon as emperor.

27. Simon Bolivar
Napoleon invaded Spain and overthrew the Spanish king. In his place he set up his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as king.

28. Simon Bolivar
He did not like the way the Spanish government treated its colonies.
He knew that it would be the best time to work to free the colonies of Spanish rule since they were occupied with French occupation in Spain.

29. Simon Bolivar
Bolivar was a wealthy colonist who worked in secrecy to organize a rebellion.
Under his guidance, Venezuela was liberated from Spanish control.
Bolivar was then elected President.

30. Simon Bolivar
Bolivar then worked to free other South America countries.
Colombia
Panama
Ecuador
Peru

31. Simon Bolivar
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32. Toussaint L’Ouverture
In the beginning, Haiti’s native people were the Ceboneys and the Tainos who were originally from the Amazon Valley. Very soon the island was discovered by Columbus in After gold was discovered nearby in the Dominican Republic, other Spanish settlers rushed to the island and Spain took control of the island.

33. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Next, the French brought African slaves to work on the coffee and spice plantations. By the late 1700’s, there were more slaves than French colonists who lived there.

34. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Toussaint L’Ouverture was born a slave in Even though he was a slave, he was fortunate in having an owner who allowed him to learn to read and write.

35. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Throughout Haiti’s history, slaves revolted numerous times, but the most influential one was lead by L’Ouverture. In 1789, the French Revolution took over in France, and the issue of slavery was debated. They voted to end slavery in the French colonies, including what was now known as Haiti.

36. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Later, the rulers of France were replaced by Napoleon, who ruled France with dictatorial powers. He immediately reinstated slavery in the French colonies, and once again put Haiti back into war. Toussaint tried to reason with Napoleon, and they agreed to terms of peace. Napoleon agreed to recognize Haitian independence, and Toussaint agreed to retire from public life.

37. Toussaint L’Ouverture
A few months later, the French invited Toussaint to come to a safe, negotiating meeting in Haiti. When he arrived, the French (at Napoleon's orders) betrayed Toussaint and arrested him, putting him on a ship for France. Napoleon ordered that Toussaint be placed in a prison dungeon in the mountains, and murdered by means of cold, starvation, and neglect. Toussaint died in prison in 1803, but others carried on the fight for freedom.

38. Miguel Hidalgo
The head figure and chief instigator of the Mexican Independence movement was Father Miguel Hidalgo, the priest of the small town of Dolores. Soon after becoming a priest, Hidalgo began to promote the idea of an uprising by the native and mixed-blood peasantry against wealthy Spanish land-owners and aristocrats.

39. Miguel Hidalgo
During his seven years at Dolores, Hidalgo promoted discussion groups at his house where natives, mestizos(mixed), criollos(low class Spanish commoners), and peninsulares(high class Spanish commoners) were all welcomed.
The independence movement was born out of these informal discussions and was directed against Spanish domination of political and economic life in New Spain.

40. Miguel Hidalgo
Their plans were disclosed to the central government. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo decided to strike out for independence.
The independence forces marched on to Mexico City. Despite some victories along the way, they lost momentum and failed to take Mexico City.

41. Miguel Hidalgo
After a few more victories, the revolutionary forces moved north toward Texas. In March of the following year, the insurgents were ambushed and taken prisoner.
Hidalgo was tried as a priest by the Holy Office of the Inquisition and found guilty of heresy and treason. He was later condemned to death. On July 30, 1811, Hidalgo was executed by firing squad. His body was mutilated, and his head was displayed as a warning to other insurgents.

42. Miguel Hidalgo
New leaders took Hidalgo’s place. A few wealthy Spanish nobles and many criollos joined the fight for independence. The fight lasted for 11 years. In 1821, the rebels finally overthrew the Spanish government. Mexico finally became independent.

43. Miguel Hidalgo Mexico’s independence was based on three guarantees.
Mexico would be independent from Spain
Mexico would be Catholic
Criollos and Peninsulares would be equal.

44. Miguel Hidalgo
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