1. 19 th Century Realism

2. The world is shrinking… Telegraph Telephone Locomotive Automobile Photography……

3. Literature focused on human nature and social consciousness. –Charles Dickens –Charles Dickens : Stories on poverty and factory life. –Karl Marx –Karl Marx : Communist Manifesto, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” –Charles Darwin –Charles Darwin : Origin of Species, evolution.

4. Urban areas explodeUrban areas explode with people seeking work. Human rights. This leads to intense class strugglesHuman rights come into question with the way factory bosses treat workers with long hours, poor work conditions, and low pay. This leads to intense class struggles.

5. Function of Realism The function of Realism movement in art was direct observation of society and nature, and political and social satire.

6. Due to society’s many economic changes art also saw numerous changes: Due to society’s many economic changes, art also saw numerous changes:  Museumscollectors  Museums and collectors became the new patrons.  Newspapers and journals reached wider audiences

7. rejectedIt was rejected for exhibitionism Longest title of a major artwork. He rented his own space and became the first one man showHe rented his own space and became the first one man show. 2 spheres: left= ordinary people right=the Paris art world –The nude symbolizes his turning his back on the Parisian art world.

8. R E A L I S M In 1824 the Salon de Paris exhibited works of John Constable. His rural scenes influenced some of the younger artists of the time, moving them to abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly from nature. John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

9. R E A L I S M Natural scenes became the subjects of their paintings rather than mere backdrops to dramatic events. Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

10. Jean-Francois Millet Romanticism in that it shows “oneness with nature” Realism kicks in with the contrast between the peasants hard, painful work in the foreground, and the comfort of their boss in the rich farm in the background. Light vs. dark: The farm is gold and sunny, whereas the peasants are in shadows.

11. French Realism Barbizon schoolJean-Francois Millet- Barbizon school The Gleaners- 1848, his most famous work

12. French Realism The Gleaners was a controversial work criticizing a French society that allowed extreme poverty Millet claimed that this was not a social comment but rather a celebration of hardworking peasants and their lifestyle.

13. R E A L I S M from landscape to figures He extended the idea from landscape to figures —scenes of peasant life, and work in the fields. There is no drama and no story told, merely three peasant women in a field. This was totally new Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

14. Jean-François Millet, The Angelus, 1857. Realism.

15. Man With A Hoe, 1860. Oil on canvas Symbolizes hard work The short hoe causes the man to have to bend over. The hard rocky ground makes him put in extra effort to till the soil, as seen in his expression (exhaustion).Millet

16. Gustave Courbet Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877 the Apostle of Ugliness known as “ the Apostle of Ugliness ” show me an angel and I will paint one He once said “ show me an angel and I will paint one”

17. Gustave Courbet His paintings shocked people- somewhat disturbing. He was the foremost proponent of Realism.He was the foremost proponent of Realism. His subject matter was landscapes, nudes, and still lifes. Tried to incorporate all three of these into one painting if possible.

18. Stone Breakers, 1850 The turned heads and averted eyes does not let the viewer feel sympathy towards the two figures.

19. Courbet Interior of My Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Life as an Artist. By Courbet

20. Aka: The Artist’s Studio, 1855

21. He struggled to break from the Romanticism and move onto Realism. His ‘friends’ are workers and collectors on the right. Courbet sits at center like a king. Behind him is his muse, a nude female. When this was rejected by an 1855 exhibition, Courbet held his own exhibition. Although not very successful, it was the first one-man art show in history.

22. Courbet Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1850 Depicts a funeral. The monotonous horizontal colors and patterns reflect rural life in France. It’s also believed the sameness of the figures is a statement in favor of equality.

24. Honore Daumier, 1808-1878 RomanticRealistBoth a Romantic and a Realist Primarily a caricaturist Father of modern caricature lithographsHe is best known for his lithographs He was censored and imprisoned for some of his works.

25. Honore Daumier, 1808-1878 Gargantua

26. Honore Daumier, 1808-1878 A never satisfied king exploits his subjects and grows fat at their expense Daumier was sentenced to six months and fined 100 francs. Gargantua

27. Daumier Daumier, The Third Class Carriage, 1862

28. The Third Class Carriage Lonely crowd Genre scene The shabby clothing and worn expressions shows that the passengers are lower class

29. American Realism Thomas EakinsThomas Eakins -1844-1916 Most important 19 th century American painter photographyA passion for Realism lead him to use photography revolutionized art instructionHe revolutionized art instruction and allowed women and minorities to be involved artistically.

30. Eakins Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875 Operation on a young boy’s broken leg. It was too shocking to display to the public. Two contrasting behaviors: calm Dr. Gross and the scared and nervous mother.

31. Eakins Eakins, The Agnew Clinic, 1889

32.  It was called a degradation of art  He became known as a butcher of art  Subject is a woman being operated on for breast cancer.  His lighting and shading techniques are said to resemble Rembrandt

33. Eakins, Eakins, John Biglen in a Single Skull, 1873  Watercolor  Out door, bright sunlight  muscular tension  Eakins had an intense interest in sports

34.  Eakins used photography to aid in his realism

35. Henry O. Tanner, 1854-1937 First important black American painter His subjects were plantation scenes, and religious subjects Studied in Paris for a short time First black painter to become internationally famousFirst black painter to become internationally famous

36. Henry O. Tanner Henry O. Tanner, The Banjo Lesson, 1893 masterpiece  his masterpiece  influenced by Thomas Eakins  Grandfather showing the grandson how to play the banjo  Shows male bonding and family interaction

37. Tanner, The Annunciation, 1898

38. French Realism Most famous artist was Edouard Manet Realism ImpressionismCombined Realism and Impressionism

39. Manet classically trainedHe was classically trained and took his themes from the great masters at translating great traditions into modern termsHe was excellent at translating great traditions into modern terms which outraged the public Velsaquez Monet

40. Manet His style: solidity, flatness, modern elements: color, light, shape Shallow perspective

41. Manet. Manet. Luncheon on the Grass, 1863

42. Manet Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863 Scandalized the French public. Depicts a nude woman casually having lunch with two men. This shocked people, but Manet claimed it was a statement of individual freedom.

43. Manet Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863 Failed to idealize the nude. The public would recognize the men as his brother and brother-in-law.

44. Manet Manet, Luncheon on the Grass Titan, Titan, Pastoral Concert, 1510

45. Manet Manet, Olympia 1865 She is thought to be a French prostitute The flowers were sent by a client. Her shoes are still on which symbolizes street walking. Small black cat- cathouse, alley cat

46. Olympia Naked, not nude. Unclassical proportions. Boldly stares out at the viewer. Courbet Courbet felt the work was too flat looking

47. Manet Manet, Olympia 1865 Inspired by Titian’s Venus of Urbino The woman is naked rather than nude

48. Salon acceptableSalon - an officially sponsored exhibition of juried art works that were acceptable to the French Academy.

49. SalonAs the art world evolved, a huge amount of works were being rejected from the Salon (4,000 in 1863). Salon des Refuses This set off a fire storm of French artists. The result was a special exhibition called the “ Salon des Refuses ”

50. Photography Photography IS IT ART? people argued that the mechanical technology made it automatic, not an artistic process. Photography was allied with industry and science 1859- French Photographic society negotiated an exhibition at the same time, and in the same building, as the Salon.

51. Photography Means “drawing with light” A new method of creating multiple images Potential for use in portraiture and journalism was widely recognized

52. Nadar Nadar (French) Used a plain dark background to put emphasis on his sitter. Subtle gradations of light and dark Sarah Bernhardt, 1864

53. Nadar Nadar (French) He was a pioneer of aerial photography 1856- took pictures from a balloon demonstrating potential of photography for creating panoramic vistas the GiantHe built his own balloon, “ the Giant ”, the largest in the world Le Geant, Honore Daumier

54. Julia Margaret Cameron England: Julia Margaret Cameron Insisted on the aesthetic quality of her work. She preferred blurred edges and a dreamy atmosphere to precise outlines. Softness of face and collar, which emerge gradually from the darkness, seem literally “painted with light.” Mrs. Herbert Duckworth

55. J.F.W Herschel …a means to elicit the inner character of a sitter. Julia Margaret Cameron England: Julia Margaret Cameron

56. Matthew Brady America Matthew Brady Lincoln, Cooper Union 1860 Brady depicts the president as a thoughtful, determined man

57. Robert E. Lee, 1865 The confederate general is depicted, still standing at the end of the war. His neat attire is shown to betray the years of suffering he has witnessed Matthew Brady America Matthew Brady

58. Realism Architecture

59. Joseph Paxton Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace, London Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations”1851, the “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations” First of, World’s Fairs Artists were invited to submit designs for a building in Hyde Park to house the exhibition. The structure was cheap, time-efficient, and because of the extensive use of glass, it was dubbed Crystal Palace.

60. The Brooklyn Bridge

61. Built by the greatest American bridge builders: J.A. and W.A. Roebling Two towers of granite linked by four huge steel cables. It is a suspension bridge meant for deep or wide water crossings

62. The Statue of Liberty Edouard de LaboulayeEdouard de Laboulaye wanted to present the US with a monument to commemorate French assistance during the American Revolution The Statue of LibertyThe named was changed from “Liberty Enlightening the World” to The Statue of Liberty It is a colossal statue of a classically clothed woman holding a torch of liberty and a tablet. Auguste BartoldiIt was sculpted by Auguste Bartoldi who used huge copper sheets. The frame was made of steel and wrought iron by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

63. The Statue of Liberty

64. Eiffel Tower Alexandre-Gustave EiffelConstructed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. Built initially as a temporary structure for the Universal Exposition of 1889. Public fought to have it taken down. It eventually stayed. It has a metal truss construction on the base of reinforced concrete. Four arches make up base. All open lattice wrought iron. Elevators bring people to the top and they are curved.

65. Eiffel Tower