1. Design Science and Critical Realism Some Methodological Issue Greg Hill, Monash University CBIDSR Workshop, 20/10/05

2. Overview n Historical Development and Rationale n Structure of Design Science Research n Evaluation in Design Science n Guidelines for Assessment

3. Overview n Philosophy of Design Science Research n Ideas from Critical Realism n Critical Realist Evaluation n Implications for Information Systems

4. Historical Development –Natural versus artificial sciences truth, necessity, analysis, descriptive, predictive utility, contingency, synthesis, prescriptive –Focus on artefacts, goals and environment –Simulation and Imitation –Design distinguishes professions

5. Historical Development “… the natural sciences have almost driven the sciences of the artificial from professional school curricula...” “ … Engineering schools have become schools of physics and mathematics …” “… professional schools … hanker after respectability …” (Simon, 1969) –Engineering, Business and Medicine –Law, Journalism and Library Science –(Computer Science and Management Science )

6. Structure of Research n Process View Vaishnavi, V. and Kuechler, W. (2004/5). “Design Research in Information Systems” URL: http://www.isworld.org/Researchdesign/drisISworld.htm http://www.isworld.org/Researchdesign/drisISworld.htm

7. Structure of Research n Knowledge View (Hevner et al, MISQ, 2004)

8. Evaluation Methods –Observational case study, field study –Analytical static, architecture, optimisation, dynamic –Experimental controlled experiment, simulation

9. Evaluation Methods –Testing black box, white box –Descriptive informed argument, scenarios

10. Guidelines for Assessment –Design as an Artefact –Problem Relevance –Design Evaluation –Research Contribution

11. Guidelines for Assessment –Research Rigour –Design as Search –Design as Communication

12. Philosophy of Design Science –Essentially instrumentalist and pragmatist accepts “natural sciences” as law-generator claims to knowledge assessed on usefulness –But spans socio-technical systems aeroplanes, computers, mobile phones... organisations, markets, families … ?

13. Philosophy of Design Science –Key question for design of socio-technical systems (like information systems): Can the philosophies and methods of logical positivism work for “social science” Do reasons have causal powers? Does poverty cause crime?

14. Ideas from Critical Realism –Kicked off by Roy Bhaskar (1975) “Transcendental Realism” - attempts to unify positivism and interpretivism Naturalism - the idea the social and natural phenomena can be studied the same way Proposes three ontological domains: –real –actual –empirical

15. Ideas from Critical Realism Rejects “social atomism” / “methodological individualism” - a form of social reductionism Rejects Durkheim (agency -> structure) Rejects Weber (structure -> agency) Proposes an interplay (structure agency)

16. Ideas from Critical Realism “He found God. Worst of all it was a very down market god, nothing more than your common or garden New Age variety, the type readily available at any incense saturated shop frequented by a Shirley MacLaine or Nancy Reagan.” Gary MacLennan.

17. Ideas from Critical Realism “Put very simply, a central feature of realism is its attempt to preserve a ‘scientific’ attitude towards social analysis at the same time as recognising the importance of actors´ meanings and in some way incorporating them in research.” (Layder, 1993)

18. Ideas from Critical Realism –Analogy and metaphor hypothesis formulation –Patterns and triggers demi-regularities, enablers/disablers –C-M-O configurations Context - Mechanism - Outcomes

19. Ideas from Critical Realism “ … outcomes cannot be explained in isolation; rather, they can only be explained in the sense of a mechanism that is introduced to effect change in constellation of their mechanisms and structure, embedded in the context of pre-existing historical, economic, cultural, social and other conditions. This process of explanation, known as retroduction, enables the realist inquirer to investigate the potential causal mechanisms and the conditions under which certain outcome will or will not be realised.” (Kazi, 2003)

20. Critical Realist Evaluation in Design Science Research –Goal of evaluation phase is to understand the C-M-O configurations (explanatory) –What works, for whom, in what circumstances? Scenarios, case studies, simulations –“Three boxes” of evaluation black, grey and white (clear) making the box “greyer”

21. Implications for IS –What is the role for IS researchers? Business needs? Reference disciplines? Consultancies? Multi-methodology research?

22. Implications for IS –What is the role for IS theory? CSF -> CMO? Design theories? Evaluation theories?

23. Implications for IS I agree that it works in practice. But how can we be certain that it will work in theory? -- Attributed to a professor at École Normale Supériere.