1. Reaction against Romanticism & Neoclassicism
Realism
Reaction against Romanticism & Neoclassicism

2. Realism refers to a style of art during the 19th century most dominantly among French painters, in which they strived to depict their subject as realistically as possible. The goal of Realism was truth and accuracy; they denounced emotionalism, romanticized subjects, and anything shown exaggerated. The subject matter of their painting was often of everyday characters, situations, and objects. They were the first to show the everyday class of society, though most of those paintings were not well received at the time. They were against the idealization of objects that was relevant in the Neoclassicism movement and Romanticism.

3. Jean Desire Gustave Courbet was a French painter who instrumental in leading the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting.
The Bathers
The Meeting

4. Jean-Francois Millet: preoccupied with scenes of rural life
Jean-Francois Millet: preoccupied with scenes of rural life. Did have a touch of Romantic sentimentality…
The Angelus
The Gleaners

5. Edoudard Manet was a late Realist painter who adapted the style of photography and later went on to influence Impressionism.
Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico
Luncheon on the Grass

6. 1st Photo in 1825 by a French inventor Joseph Niepce

7. Window in which the 1st photo was taken

8. Music
Liszt: invented the symphonic poem (based upon literary or pictorial ideas
Wagner: Early was Romantic: later was influenced by realism: transformed opera into “music drama”

9. Realism Literature Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
Description of small-town life in France
Madame Bovary trapped in marriage to a drab provincial doctor
She sought adulterous affairs
Unfulfilled she commits suicide
Vanity Fair by William Thackeray
Flouted Romantic ideals & conventions
Town called “Vanity” that held a perpetual “Fair”
Story realistic, not Romantic

10. Charles Dickens
Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities, etc.
Novels about Britain’s early industrial age
Focused on lower & middle classes
Descriptions of life were vividly realistic

11. New Age of Science
19th Century saw the bringing together of the practical application of technological advancement through the Industrial revolution and the rational scientific approach of earlier elites from the Age of Scientific Revolution.
Result of this synthesis was a rash of discoveries and advancements that converted into technology that affected everyone

12. Overview of Science Discoveries
Laws of Thermodynamics (pg 688)
Biology: Louis Pasteur formulated germ theory (pg 688)
Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction which laid the foundation for use of electricity (pg 688)
Charles Darwin & his theory of organic evolution: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 (pg 689)

13. Heroic Model of Science
Widespread acceptance of scientific method
People believed it was only path to true objectivity
This undermined faith and religion
Contributed to increasing secularization
Growth of MATERIALISM (pg 689)
Belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was a result of physical forces
Truth is in material existence and not, as Romantics said, revelations gained through emotion or intuition

14. Revolution in Health Care
Germ theory - Pasteur (pg 690)
Led to Pasteurization (process of destroying organisms causing spoilage)
Led to vaccines (rabies, diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera, and plague)
New surgical practices (pg 690)
Joseph Lister & antiseptic principle
New Public Health measures
Public health movement: governments involving themselves
New Medical schools (education)