2. A Functional Analysis of Aggression: Adaptive and Maladaptive Profiles Todd D. Little Key Collaborators: Stephanie M. Jones Christopher C. Henrich Patricia H. Hawley Jessica Brauner

3. Outline Highlight the Primary Views on the Structure of Agonistic Behaviors Present Our Multi-faceted Model of Aggression Focus on Typologies based on our Action- Theory Form vs. Function Analysis Touch on Differences in Reporters’ Perspectives Sample: 1,723 5 th -10 th Grade German Students

4. Contemporary Functional View Reactive Aggression: Aggression that appears to be an angry defensive response to frustration (goal blocking) or provocation and includes responses that are primarily interpersonal and hostile in nature (stems from frustration-aggression model). Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression: Aggression that occurs in anticipation of self-serving outcomes and is a deliberate behavior that is controlled by external reinforcements (stems from social learning theory formulations of aggression). - Coie & Dodge, 1998

5. Contemporary Forms View Overt (Direct, Physical)Aggression: Generally described as physical/verbal aggression (hitting or pushing, threatening to beat up others) directed at a target. Note: The functional distinctions have only been made for overt aggression. Relational (Covert, Indirect) Aggression: Behaviors that are intended to significantly damage another’s child’s friendships or feeling of inclusion by the peer group (e.g., purposefully withdrawing friendship or acceptance, spreading rumors, gossiping, etc.). - Crick & Grotpeter, 1995

6. FUSIA Fully Unified System Integrating Aggression

7. Overt Reactive Overt Instrumental A Unifying Model of Aggression

8. Overt Reactive Overt Instrumental Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) A Unifying Model of Aggression

9. Overt Reactive Overt Instrumental Relational Reactive Relational Instrumental Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) A Unifying Model of Aggression

10. Overt Reactive Overt Instrumental Relational Reactive Relational Instrumental Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) A Unifying Model of Aggression

11. ReactiveInstrumentalReactiveInstrumental Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) A Unifying Model of Aggression

12. ReactiveInstrumentalReactiveInstrumental Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) ReactiveInstrumental A Unifying Model of Aggression

13. Overt (Dispositional) Relational (Dispositional) ReactiveInstrumental -.07.83 A Unifying Model of Aggression

14. Reactively Aggressive Instrumentally Aggressive Neither Both Primarily Instrumental Primarily Reactive ‘Typical’ range Sub-types of Aggression Based on Function

15. Inter-Reporter Relations Self Friend Peer Teacher Parent 1.0.841.0.19.171.0.18.24.951.0.31.20.25.211.0.21.15.20.721.0.24.19.24.17.52.391.0.15.13.16.09.33.32.861.0.33.28.06.11.26.27.231.0.28.26.00.07.14.24.18.871.0 O R O R O R O R O R

16. Overt Aggression

17. Relational Aggression

18. Self-Reported Motivations

19. Self-Reported Personality

20. How They Feel

21. What Peers See

22. What Teachers See

23. Conclusions & Future Directions The Various Models of Aggression can be unified Allows differentiation of form vs function Facilitates identification of subtypes Provides a basis to examine under what conditions aspects of aggression are: adaptive and normative vs maladaptive and atypical Some Future Directions Examine the typological differences more closely Who are the Targets of the agonistic behavior? Replicate in U.S. context and examine over time

24. What Friends See