1. Robert F. Simons 1, Jason S. Moser 2, Greg Hajcak 3 & Jason W. Krompinger 1 1 University of Delaware 2 Michigan State University 3 Stony Brook University

2.  Snoop Dogg

3.  Introduction ◦ Emotion regulation ◦ Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)  Main Focus ◦ Sensitivity of ERPs to affective content of pictures ◦ Can ERPs be modulated by emotion-regulation instructions? ◦ What are some temporal characteristics of different types of emotion regulation? ◦ Reappraisal v. Suppression – Does strategy matter? ◦ An emotion-cognition interaction  What to do next?

4.  Introduction ◦ Emotion regulation  Dysregulation thought to underlie a variety of psychopathologies  An example of emotion-cognition interaction  Cognitive control of emotion  Manipulate (regulate) emotion – How does it impact cognition? ◦ Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)  Early studies focused on autonomic measures  Most current work involves fMRI  ERPs have advantages  Direct manifestation of neural activity  Real-time measure  Sensitive to affective properties of eliciting stimuli

5.  Introduction ◦ Emotion regulation ◦ Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)  Main Focus ◦ Sensitivity of ERPs to affective content of pictures ◦ Can ERPs be modulated by emotion-regulation instructions?  Does valence matter?  Do specific instructions matter?  Does direction of regulation matter? ◦ What are some temporal characteristics of different types of emotion regulation?  Summary & Plans

6. Lang et al., 1999

7. Schupp et al., 2000 Larger for motivationally relevant stimuli Reflects facilitated attentional/ perceptual processing LPP

8. Larger for motivationally relevant stimuli Sustained for picture duration LPP Cuthbert et al., 2000

9. Larger for motivationally relevant stimuli Motivational differences sustained past slide termination LPP Hajcak & Olvet, 2008

10.  Introduction ◦ Emotion regulation ◦ Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)  Main Focus ◦ Sensitivity of ERPs to affective content of pictures ◦ Can ERPs be modulated by emotion-regulation instructions?  Does valence matter?  Do specific instructions matter?  Does direction of regulation matter? ◦ What are some temporal characteristics of emotion regulation?  What to do next?

11. ”The extrinsic or intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions, especially their intensity and temporal features … “ (Thompson, 1994, pp. 27-28)

12.  Attentional Deployment ◦ Overt or covert refocusing  Cognitive reappraisal ◦ Think about the stimulus from different perspectives ◦ Think about possible outcomes for the stimulus  Behavioral expression regulation ◦ Control facial expressions of emotion

13.  Attentional Deployment ◦ Overt or covert refocusing  Cognitive reappraisal ◦ Think about the stimulus from different perspectives ◦ Think about possible outcomes for the stimulus  Behavioral expression regulation ◦ Control facial expressions of emotion

14. Decisions Judge Valence Count people Attending to Affect Hajcak, Moser & Simons, 2006

15. Attentional Focus Cue at Onset Cue at 3000 ms Attending to Affect Dunning & Hajcak, 2008

16. Attentional Focus Tone cues at 3000 ms Attend neutral content Attend arousing content Attending to Affect Hajcak, Dunning & Foti, 2008

17.  Attentional Deployment ◦ Overt or covert refocussing  Cognitive reappraisal ◦ Think about the stimulus from different perspectives ◦ Think about possible outcomes for the stimulus  Behavioral expression regulation ◦ Control facial expressions of emotion

18. Moser, Hajcak, Bukay & Simons, 2006

19. Instruction to View Naturally 50% Block 1 SUPPRESS Blocks 2 & 3 ENHANCE 2000 ms500 ms1000 ms Fix

20. Moser et al., 2000 View

21. View = Enhance > Suppress Regulate

22. Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006

23. Pictures preceded by brief description Reappraisal without effort Effects present at 30 minute re- presentation LPP Foti & Hajcak, 2008 The harmless snake is in a zoo exhibit. The snake is about to attack.

24. Krompinger, Moser & Simons, 2008

25. Instruction to View Naturally 50% Block 1 SUPPRESS Blocks 2 & 3 ENHANCE 2000 ms500 ms1000 ms Fix

26. Krompinger et al., 2008 View

27. View = Enhance > Suppress Regulate

28. Moser, Krompinger, Dietz & Simons, 2009

29. LOOK Block 1 Block 2 2000 ms1000 ms 4000 ms DECREASE LOOK INCREASE B/F

30. Pre-pic effects SPN Picture effects LPP Cue 2000 ms Picture 3500 ms 1000 ms

31. Pre-pic effects SPN Picture effects LPP Cue 2000 ms Picture 3500 ms 1000 ms

32.  Look ◦ “I looked at the picture and let my emotions run naturally.”  Decrease ◦ “I looked at the pictures as if I was detached from the situation.”  Increase ◦ “I tried to view them as happening to someone I know.”

33.  Pre-picture (SPN) effects ◦ Decrease associated with increased preparatory activity ◦ No increase effect  Picture (LPP) effects ◦ Decrease and increase associated with similar time course; starting at ~400ms ◦ Emotion regulation occurred ~100ms after emotion effect ◦ Regulation is not a filter

34.  The LPP seems to be a viable measure of emotion regulation outcome and together with other ERP components can provide insights into emotion regulation processes  Timing of emotion regulation quite fast ◦ Regulation seems to follow shortly after emotion effects… ◦ and, can involve preparation prior to stimulus onset

35. Moser, Krompinger, Dietz & Simons, in preparation

36. LOOK Group 1 Group 2 2000 ms1500 ms 6000 ms REAPPRAISE LOOK SUPPRESS B/F

37. Results: LPP uV time (ms) Pz

38. Results: Emotion Intensity

39. Results: Effort

40. Moser, Most & Simons, 2010

41. ‘LOOK’ Block 1 Block 2 2000 ms ‘DECREASE’ ‘LOOK’ ‘INCREASE’ 1 11 111 2 22 222 3 33 333 500 ms1800 ms

43. Results: Stroop Interference

44. Dietz, 2009

45. Low AnxiousHigh Anxious Dietz, 2008