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Published byVivian Bryant Modified over 9 years ago
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Shadowing Many early studies employed variations on a paradigm called “shadowing” “Four score and seven years ago…” “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…” “Four score and seven years ago…”
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Stages of Selection The other possibility is Late Selection
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Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made?
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Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Information (such as words) in unattended channel shouldn’t be processed for meaning
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Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Information (such as words) in unattended channel shouldn’t be processed for meaning Demonstrates that Early Selection Theory is not entirely correct
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Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made?
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Stages of Selection Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction can be made? Should be able to find differences in brain activity in primary sensory areas (A1, V1)
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Stages of Selection Electrical activity recorded at scalp (EEG) shows differences between attended and unattended stimuli in A1 within 90 ms Hansen & Hillyard (1980)
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Stages of Selection Evidence exists for both early and late selection mechanisms –One interpretation: early reduction in “sensory gain” followed by late suppression of unselected information
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Orienting Attention
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Control of Attention Major Distinctions: VoluntaryReflexive
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Control of Attention Major Distinctions: VoluntaryReflexive Overt Covert
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Voluntary Orienting shifting attention by willfully selecting a location in space (or a frequency of sound) Eye movements (overt orienting)
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Voluntary Orienting Attention can be oriented covertly –a commonly used metaphor is “the spotlight of attention”
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: X VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears - dependent variable is response time (RT) VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: X INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Attention Effect = Valid RT - Invalid RT
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Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention?
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Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention? –Informative cue –Validity = greater than 50%
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Voluntary Orienting Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention? –Informative cue –Validity = greater than 50% What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?
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Voluntary Orienting What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm? Symbolic cues orient attention towards another location. Stimulus cues orient attention to the stimulated location.
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Voluntary Orienting What is the time course of voluntary orienting? Cue - Target Interval Response Time Invalid Valid
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Reflexive Orienting Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:
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Reflexive Orienting Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred: –Loud noise –Motion –New Object We call this attentional capture Transients
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Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
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Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
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Reflexive Orienting The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting? Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
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Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Cue - Target Interval (ms) Response Time Valid Invalid 0 5001000
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Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as IOR
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Reflexive Orienting Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as IOR Thought to occur because attention goes to cued location, then leaves and is inhibited from returning
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Reflexive Orienting Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
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Reflexive Orienting Can symbolic cues be reflexive? Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze
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Reflexive Orienting New objects capture attention
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