1. Review L6 (Nov. 16) Theories of Personality: Psychoanalytic Behaviorist Humanist Trait Freud Three components of personality: id, ego, superego Psychoanalysis Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1. Self Actualization 2. Esteem Needs 3. Belongingness Needs 4. Safety Needs 5. Physiological Needs

2. Quiz 6 1. Which of the following is not part of the geographic influence concerning culture? Population density, Climate, Availability of resources (none of the above) 2. The terms Chosen People and Promised Land are consistent with Judaism 3. The terms Brahmā (creator), Śhiva (destroyer), and Vishnu (presever) are consistent with Hinduism 4. The terms The Creed, Almsgiving, and Fasting are consistent with Islam 5. Which of the following is not part of the geographic influence concerning culture? Age, religion, gender, education (Call but none of the above)

3. Quiz 6 (cont) 6. (bonus) What procedure (in English) did our the Financial Secretary ( 財政司司長 ) went through when he was hospitalized after a heart attack a few weeks ago? Angioplasty 7. (bonus) If Christians read the Bible, what do people of the Islam faith read (in English or Chinese)? Quran

4. Assignment 5 God or Goddess: Michael Jackson / Michael Jordan Hero or Heroine: Superman (> 20) Spiderman (~5), Brad Pitt Sarah Jessica Parker Common trait: ambiguous E.g. Legendary figure: Einstein (ok), Edison (Thomas Edison or Edison Chen), David (the one in the Bible or David Beckham) Themes Conclusion

5. Preview Questions How do our thoughts influence our emotions? What are seven irrational beliefs that commonly lead to emotional reasoning? How can they negatively affect our relations with others? What is irrational beliefs affect you the most, and how can you overcome them?

6. Chapter 4 Emotions, Stress, and Human Relations

7. What Do Psychologists Say? It is important to understand how emotion influences behavior. Emotions are not interference but important contributors to species survival and growth.

8. What Causes Emotions? Amygdala is linked to the ability to accurately assess danger in a situation. Left hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive emotions (e.g., happiness). Right hemisphere is associated with negative emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety).

9. How Do Thoughts Influence Feelings? Almost all psychologists believe that emotions are inextricably linked to thoughts. Emotions results from how situations are interpreted, NOT the situation itself.

10. How Are Emotions Processed? ACTIVATING EVENT (p. 109) which is meaningful to the person experiencing it. COGNITIVE APPRAISAL (p. 109), minds evaluate events in the context of individual belief systems, expectations, needs, and past experiences.

11. What Did I Say? SELF-TALK (p. 109) consists of internal thoughts that reinforce interpretation of an activating event. This is how events that determine emotions are interpreted or perceived.

12. Fantasies and Nightmares: Seven Irrational Beliefs See page 111

13. Individual Interpretations of Events Individual interpretations of an event: can lead to a variety of emotions. may result in problems in relations with others.

14. WHAT!!! Irrational Beliefs CATASTROPHIZING OVERGENERALIZATION

15. More Irrational Beliefs MYTH OF CAUSATION NEED FOR APPROVAL TRYANNY OF SHOULDS PERFECTIONISM MYTH OF HELPLESSNESS

16. Disputing Irrational Beliefs See page 118

17. What is Sadness? Sadness: typically results from loss or disappointment. usually lasts a relatively short amount of time. becomes grief when intensified.

18. Is Sadness Ever Good? Sadness or grief at loss can be adaptive because it promotes a period for mourning, reflection, and adjustment.

19. Depression or Sadness? Depression: most widespread psychological disorder in society. differs from sadness in duration and intensity of feelings.

20. What Are the Symptoms? The depressed person: Feels no hope of recovery and worthless. Other common symptoms include: changes in eating and sleeping patterns crying inability to think clearly or to solve problems loss of pleasure in previously enjoyed activities suicidal ideation

21. What Causes Depression? Depression can be physiological and treated with medication or cognitive and treated with cognitive therapies.

22. What Are Some of the Consequences of Depression? Depression affects relations with others, including marital partners, roommates, and other significant others.

23. How is Depression Treated? Cognitive therapies Behavioral therapies Depression is sometimes alleviated by helping someone else.

24. What is Anger? ANGER (p. 121) is a normal human emotion that provides a signal that something is wrong.

25. How Is Anger Related to Aggression? AGGRESSION (p. 121) is a behavior that is destructive or hostile. Anger is an emotion  aggression is a behavior. Anger is not always bad; it can be adaptive.

26. What is Direct Expression of Anger? DIRECT EXPRESSION OF ANGER (p. 121) involves expressing of your anger directly toward the object of your anger.

27. Constructive and Destructive Direct Anger Constructive ways of expressing anger: describing problems in a factual, rather than judgmental manner and staying focused on issues at hand. Destructive means of expressing anger : physical aggression and verbal aggression.

28. Tips for Direct, Constructive Expression of Anger Timing is critical. Making time to deal with anger effectively is useful. Choosing your “battles” is a good strategies.

29. Identifying Irrational Beliefs See Activities 4.1 (Identifying and Overcoming Your Irrational Beliefs) (pp. 123, 141-144). Take a few minutes to complete the exercise on page 123 of your text. Can you identify your irrational beliefs? How are these related to your relationships with others?

30. How Is Anger Expressed Indirectly? INDIRECT EXPRESSION OF ANGER (p. 123) involves channeling your anger in a direction other than toward the objects of your anger.

31. Methods of Handling Anger See page 124

32. Destructive Indirect Anger Destructive forms of indirectly expressed anger: excessive alcohol consumption drug use physical violence violence aimed at an inanimate object

33. How Is This Related to Catharsis? CATHARSIS (p. 123) is the theory that releasing pent-up hostilities will return us to a peaceful state.

34. Constructive Indirect Anger Constructive, indirectly expressed anger: exercise relaxation psychological detachment cognitive restructuring

35. Mad About You? Can you give an example of each kind of anger?

36. Handling Anger Constructively Activities 4.2 (Handling Anger Constructively) (pp. 123, 144-145) to take first steps for learning to express anger directly and constructively. Take a few minutes to complete the exercise on constructively managing anger. After identifying a situation in which you were angry, consider your behavior. Could you do things differently?