1. Communicated Emotion and Reciprocity Disappointment versus Anger Wubben, M.J.J., De Cremer, D., and Van Dijk, E. (2009). How emotion communication guides reciprocity: Establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 987-990. Summary by Karina Muro, Whitney Justice and Elise Sisson Wubben, M.J.J., De Cremer, D., and Van Dijk, E. (2009). How emotion communication guides reciprocity: Establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 987-990. Summary by Karina Muro, Whitney Justice and Elise Sisson

2. Video  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- bRjnUqzseU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- bRjnUqzseU&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- bRjnUqzseU&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- bRjnUqzseU&feature=related

3. Introduction  Emotions are critical in establishing and maintaining cooperation.  Anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, but can also backfire, yielding mutual defection  Disappointment addresses defection without communicating retaliation  Hypothesis: Reciprocal actions will more successfully establish cooperation when one responds to defection with disappointment instead of anger.  Emotions are critical in establishing and maintaining cooperation.  Anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, but can also backfire, yielding mutual defection  Disappointment addresses defection without communicating retaliation  Hypothesis: Reciprocal actions will more successfully establish cooperation when one responds to defection with disappointment instead of anger.

4.  Participants  97 Undergrads (22% male)  Average age = 20 yrs  Participated for $5.00 or course credit  Randomly assigned to disappointment, anger, or no- emotion condition  Method  Participants started with 10 coins at beginning of every trial  Told that they and their “partner” had to simultaneously decide how many coins to donate to the other  Coins kept were worth less than coins donated  Told that they or their “partner” could send emotion messages every three rounds  Afterwards, completed a questionnaire about behavioral impression of their “partner”  Participants  97 Undergrads (22% male)  Average age = 20 yrs  Participated for $5.00 or course credit  Randomly assigned to disappointment, anger, or no- emotion condition  Method  Participants started with 10 coins at beginning of every trial  Told that they and their “partner” had to simultaneously decide how many coins to donate to the other  Coins kept were worth less than coins donated  Told that they or their “partner” could send emotion messages every three rounds  Afterwards, completed a questionnaire about behavioral impression of their “partner”

5. Results  Cooperation increased faster when disappointment as opposed to anger or no emotion was communicated.  People perceived their partner more positively when disappointment was communicated as opposed to anger  Disappointed partners were perceived as more forgiving than retaliatory  Angry partners were perceived as more retaliatory  Cooperation increased faster when disappointment as opposed to anger or no emotion was communicated.  People perceived their partner more positively when disappointment was communicated as opposed to anger  Disappointed partners were perceived as more forgiving than retaliatory  Angry partners were perceived as more retaliatory Fig. 1. Number of donated coins after each trial

6. Conclusion  Anger thus risks escalation, whereas disappointment emphasizes the possibility of obtaining better outcomes  Disappointment emphasizes potential forgiveness  More likely to establish mutually beneficial relationship  Anger evoked anger  Participants also had a more negative impression of partner  Anger thus risks escalation, whereas disappointment emphasizes the possibility of obtaining better outcomes  Disappointment emphasizes potential forgiveness  More likely to establish mutually beneficial relationship  Anger evoked anger  Participants also had a more negative impression of partner

7. Critical Review Main Points  Communicated disappointment elicited cooperation faster than anger or no emotion  Disappointment was perceived in a more positive light than anger or no emotion Main Points  Communicated disappointment elicited cooperation faster than anger or no emotion  Disappointment was perceived in a more positive light than anger or no emotion Objections 80 % Particpants = 20 year old Females Disappointment may not always elicit cooperation faster than anger

8. Test Questions  1. In the study by M.J.J. Wubben et al. (2009), angry partners were perceived as more _________. a. Positive b. Retaliatory c. Emotionless d. Cooperative  2. Disappointed partners were perceived as more ________. a. Forgiving b. Negative c. Angry d. Emotionless  3. _________ is likely a behavioral adaptation because it promotes cooperation by having cooperators retaliate against defectors. a. Emotion b. Mutual defection c. Reciprocity d. Antagonism  T/F: Disappointment is always more effective in inducing cooperation.  T/F: Communicated anger can evoke cooperation  T/F: Unconditional cooperators are vulnerable to exploitation by defectors.  1. In the study by M.J.J. Wubben et al. (2009), angry partners were perceived as more _________. a. Positive b. Retaliatory c. Emotionless d. Cooperative  2. Disappointed partners were perceived as more ________. a. Forgiving b. Negative c. Angry d. Emotionless  3. _________ is likely a behavioral adaptation because it promotes cooperation by having cooperators retaliate against defectors. a. Emotion b. Mutual defection c. Reciprocity d. Antagonism  T/F: Disappointment is always more effective in inducing cooperation.  T/F: Communicated anger can evoke cooperation  T/F: Unconditional cooperators are vulnerable to exploitation by defectors.