1. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Musical structure and emotional expression Gabrielsson, A. & Lindtröm, E. (2001). The influence of musical structure and emotional expression. In In: P.N. Juslin & J.A. Sloboda (Eds)(2001). Music and Emotion, OUP, Chapter 11

2. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Methodological approaches  Free phenomenological descriptions  Choice among descriptive terms, adjectives, or nouns, provided by the investigator  Ratings how well such descriptive terms applied to the music in question

3. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Emotional expression using real music  Free descriptions and choice among descriptive terms  Ratings and multivariate analysis techniques  Continuous recordings of emotional expressions  Non-verbal responses  Specially composed music

4. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Manipulation of structural factors without musical context  Intervals  Mode  Rhythm and tempo  Melodic properties  Synthesized tone sequences

5. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Manipulation of structural factors in musical context

6. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Effects of separate musical factors  Tempo  Mode  Loudness  Pitch  Intervals  Melody  melodic range  melodic direction (pitch contour  melodic motion  Harmony  Tonality  Rhythm  Timbre  Articulation  Amplitude envelope  Musical form

7. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Tempo  fast: activity/excitement; happiness/joy/pleasantness; potency; surprise; anger; fear  slow: calmness/serenity; dignity/solemnity; sadness; tenderness; boredom; disgust

8. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Mode  major: happiness/joy; graceful, serene; solemn;  minor: sadness; dreamy; dignified; tension; disgust; anger

9. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Loudness  loud: intensity/power; tension; anger; joy  soft: softness; tenderness; sadness; solemnity; fear

10. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Pitch  high: happy; graceful; serene; dreamy; exciting; surprise; potency; anger; fear; activity  low: sadness; dignity/solemnity; vigor; excitement; boredom; pleasantness  large pitch variation: happiness; pleasantness; activity; surprise  small pitch variation: disgust; anger; fear; boredom

11. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Melodic range  wide: joy; whimsicality; uneasiness  narrow: sad; dignified; sentimental; tranquil; delicate; triumphant

12. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Melodic direction  ascending: dignity; serenity; tension; happiness; fear; surprise; anger; potency  descending: exciting; graceful; vigorous; sadness; boredom; pleasantness

13. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Harmony  simple and consonant: happy/gay; relaxed; graceful; serene; dreamy; dignified; majestic  complex and dissonant: excitement; tension; vigor; anger; sadness; unplesantness

14. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Tonality  chromatic harmony: sad; angry  tonal: joyful; dull; peaceful  atonal: angry

15. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Rhythm  regular/smooth: happiness; dignity; majesty; peace  irregular/rough: amusement; uneasiness; anger  varied: joy  firm: sadness; dignity; vigor  flowing/fluent: happy/gay; graceful; dreamy; serene

16. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Timbre  many harmonics: potency; anger; disgust; fear; activity; surprise  amplified higher harmonics: anger  few, low harmonics: pleasantness; boredom; happiness  suppressed higher harmonics: tenderness; sadness

17. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Articulation  staccato: gaiety; energy; activity; fear; anger  legato: sadness; tenderness; solemnity; softness

18. A.Diederich – International University Bremen – USC – MMM – Spring 2005 Amplitude envelope  (refers to the type of attack and decay of tones)  sharp envelope (rapid attack and decay): anger; happiness; surprise; activity  round: tenderness; sadness; fear; disgust; boredom; potency