1. The first Contingency we’ll be working on is: The The Ineffective Natural Contingency Estimated Time: 15 min.

2. Julie’s on the swim team. Her coach says they’re doing more goofing off than practicing. So she’s going to try something new… If everyone improves their productivity by 15%, they can listen to music during the next practice.

3. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability Julie will lose the opportunity to listen to music at the next practice Julie practices hard Julie will not lose the opportunity to listen to music at the next practice Julie fears losing the opportunity to listen to music Julie practices hard Julie does not fear losing the opportunity to listen to music Let’s look at the Three-Contingency model for this example:

4. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability Julie will lose the opportunity to listen to music at the next practice Julie practices hard Julie will not lose the opportunity to listen to music at the next practice Julie fears losing the opportunity to listen to music Julie practices hard Julie does not fear losing the opportunity to listen to music The first contingency is the Ineffective Natural Contingency.

5. We need to determine whether the contingency exists prior to performance management. If it does, it’s a natural contingency. The first test for this contingency is the “Natural Contingency Test”. “Natural Contingency Test”.

6. Does this contingency exist prior to performance management? A. Yes B. No Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter #2

7. Does this contingency exist prior to performance management? Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter Oops, does anyone add the increase in Julie’s ability, or is it just something that happens? Look again! Back to the question! A. Yes B. No

8. Does this contingency exist prior to performance management? Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter You’re right, nobody added this contingency! A. Yes B. No

9. So then, what kind of contingency is this? A. PM Contingency B. Natural Contingency Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter #3

10. Back to the question! A. PM Contingency B. Natural Contingency So then, what kind of contingency is this? Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter No, no one added this…she naturally gets a little bit better after each time she practices. That’s why this is a NATURAL contingency

11. So then, what kind of contingency is this? Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter That’s right! Julie naturally gets better each time she practices hard…so this is a natural contingency. A. PM Contingency B. Natural Contingency

12. Now we know that this contingency is a natural contingency…it existed prior to performance management…but we have to ask a few more questions, to make sure that it is the INEFFECTIVE Natural Contingency.

13. First, we look at the before and after conditions…and see if the change from the before to the after condition is large and/or probable. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter

14. This is the “Ineffective Contingency Test” If the change is small… Or improbable… Then the contingency is ineffective.

15. A. Ineffective B. Effective Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter #4 Is this contingency effective or ineffective?

16. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter Back to the question! A. Ineffective B. Effective Is this contingency effective or ineffective? Wait a minute! Look at the before and after conditions again!

17. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter A. Ineffective B. Effective Is this contingency effective or ineffective? Good job! This contingency is ineffective. Keep going to find out why.

18. A. The outcome is too improbable B. The outcome is too small Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter #5 We know this contingency is ineffective, but why?

19. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter We know this contingency is ineffective, but why? No…every time Julie practices, there’s an increase in her level of swimming ability. The problem is not the probability, it’s the small but cumulative outcome! Back to the question! A. The outcome is too improbable B. The outcome is too small

20. Julie has given level of swimming ability Julie practices hard Julie has infinitesimally greater swimming ability BeforeBehaviorAfter A. The outcome is too improbable B. The outcome is too small We know this contingency is ineffective, but why? Very good. The increase in ability is infinitesimal, which means very small.

21. How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency? A. Yes B. No You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter #6

22. How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency? You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter Excellent!!!! This contingency exists without anyone adding or planning it. A. Yes B. No

23. How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency? You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter No, this IS a natural contingency. It exists before (and without) any performance management contingencies! Back to the question! A. Yes B. No

24. A. Effective B. Ineffective You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter #7 Is this contingency effective or ineffective?

25. You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter Careful, this contingency is INEFFECTIVE! Look at the before and after conditions again. Back to the question! A. Effective B. Ineffective

26. Is this contingency effective or ineffective? You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter Right, this contingency is INEFFECTIVE! A. Effective B. Ineffective

27. A. The outcome is too small B. The outcome is too improbable You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter #8 Why is this contingency ineffective?

28. You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter No, it’s ineffective because it’s too improbable…you have less of a CHANCE of getting hurt…you don’t get hurt a little bit each time. Back to the question! A. The outcome is too small B. The outcome is too improbable

29. Why is this contingency ineffective? You have a very small chance of getting hurt or killed in a car accident You buckle your safety belt You have an infinitesimally smaller chance of being hurt or killed BeforeBehaviorAfter That’s right!!!! Getting seriously hurt in an accident is not very likely…so it won’t control behavior. A. The outcome is too small B. The outcome is too improbable

30. When we’re analyzing the Three- Contingency Model, it’s also important to distinguish between the Ineffective Natural Contingency and Effective Competing Contingencies. “Competing Contingency Test” This is the “Competing Contingency Test”

31. Talking with friends effectively competes with practicing hard. Julie has no social reinforcers Julie talks with friends Julie has social reinforcersBeforeBehaviorAfter Effective Competing Contingencies have outcomes that compete with the Natural Contingency.

32. You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge BeforeBehaviorAfter You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation A. B. A.A is a Natural ContingencyA is a Natural Contingency B.B is a Natural ContingencyB is a Natural Contingency C. Both A and B are Natural ContingenciesBoth A and B are Natural Contingencies #9 So, which of these is a natural contingency?

33. You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge After You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation Back to the question! A.A is a Natural ContingencyA is a Natural Contingency B.B is a Natural Contingency C. Both A and B are Natural ContingenciesBoth A and B are Natural ContingenciesBeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Well, B is a natural contingency. But look at A … did anybody add or plan that contingency?

34. So, which of these is a natural contingency? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge BehaviorAfter You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation Back to the question! A.A is a Natural Contingency B.B is a Natural ContingencyB is a Natural Contingency C. Both A and B are Natural ContingenciesBoth A and B are Natural ContingenciesBeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Yes, A is a natural contingency. However, look also at B. Did anybody add or plan that contingency?

35. After You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge After You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation Which of these is a natural contingency? A.A is a Natural ContingencyA is a Natural Contingency B.B is a Natural ContingencyB is a Natural Contingency C. Both A and B are Natural Contingencies Behavior You got it!!!! Both of these exist prior to performance management…no one designed them to manage performance. Before A. B.

36. Which of these is ineffective? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation A.A is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyA is the Ineffective Natural Contingency B.B is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyB is the Ineffective Natural Contingency C.Neither. Both A and B are effectiveNeither. Both A and B are effective D.Both A and B are ineffectiveBoth A and B are ineffective #10 BeforeBehaviorAfter A. B.

37. BeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Which of these is ineffective? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge After You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation You’re exactly right…the outcome is too small to control the behavior. A.A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency B.B is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyB is the Ineffective Natural Contingency C.Neither. Both A and B are effectiveNeither. Both A and B are effective D.Both A and B are ineffectiveBoth A and B are ineffective

38. BeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Which of these is ineffective? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation No, B is effective. It’s an Effective Competing Contingency…the outcome is big enough and probable enough to control the behavior. A is ineffective, because the outcome is too small. A.A is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyA is the Ineffective Natural Contingency B.B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency C.Neither. Both A and B are effectiveNeither. Both A and B are effective D.Both A and B are ineffectiveBoth A and B are ineffective Back to the question!

39. BeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Which of these is ineffective? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge After You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation No, one of these contingencies is ineffective. See if you can figure out which one! Back to the question! A.A is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyA is the Ineffective Natural Contingency B.B is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyB is the Ineffective Natural Contingency C.Neither. Both A and B are effective D.Both A and B are ineffectiveBoth A and B are ineffective

40. BeforeBehaviorAfter A. B. Which of these is ineffective? You have given level of knowledge You read one page You have infinitesimally greater knowledge BehaviorAfter You have no visual and auditory stimulation You watch TV You have visual and auditory stimulation Back to the question! No, B is effective. It’s an Effective Competing Contingency…the outcome is big enough and probable enough to control the behavior. A.A is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyA is the Ineffective Natural Contingency B.B is the Ineffective Natural ContingencyB is the Ineffective Natural Contingency C.Neither. Both A and B are effectiveNeither. Both A and B are effective D.Both A and B are ineffective

41. Let’s try a few more examples, to make sure you’ve got this stuff down.

42. You are trying to quit smoking, so you tell your roommate you will pay him $1 for every cigarette you smoke…

43. You do not feel the rush of nicotine You take a puff You do feel the rush of nicotine You will not have To pay your Roommate $1 You take a puff You will have to Pay your roommate $1 You have a given Level of health You take a puff You have Infinitesimally worse health A. B. C. A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. #11 Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?

44. You do not feel the rush of nicotine You take a puff You do feel the rush of nicotine You will not have To pay your Roommate $1 You take a puff You will have to Pay your roommate $1 You have a given Level of health You take a puff You have Infinitesimally worse health A. B. C. Back to the question! Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. No, one of the contingencies is ineffective. See which one it is.

45. You do not feel the rush of nicotine You take a puff You do feel the rush of nicotine You will not have to pay your Roommate $1 You take a puff You will have to pay your roommate $1 You have a given level of health You take a puff You have infinitesimally worse health A. B. C. Back to the question! Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. Nope…B is an effective contingency. Try the question again!

46. You do not feel the rush of nicotine You take a puff You do feel the rush of nicotine You will not have To pay your Roommate $1 You take a puff You will have to Pay your roommate $1 You have a given Level of health You take a puff You have Infinitesimally worse health A. B. C. Back to the question! Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. This one is the effective competing contingency. So it fails the ineffective contingency test. Try it again! A. B.

47. You do not feel the rush of nicotine You take a puff You do feel the rush of nicotine You will not have To pay your Roommate $1 You take a puff You will have to Pay your roommate $1 You have a given Level of health You take a puff You have Infinitesimally worse health A. B. C. Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. You’re right!!! C passes all the tests!!!

48. Yoko wants to practice her violin more. For every day she doesn’t practice, for 30 minutes, Yoko will have to do one of her roommate, Rick’s, chores.

49. Yoko has a given level of ability on the violin Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko has an infinitesimally higher level of ability on the violin Yoko has 30 minutes of free time Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko doesn’t have 30 minutes of free time Yoko will have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko won’t have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. B. C. A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. #12

50. Yoko has a given level of ability on the violin Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko has an infinitesimally higher level of ability on the violin Yoko has 30 minutes of free time Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko doesn’t have 30 minutes of free time Yoko will have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko won’t have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. B. C. Back to the question! A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. Watch out! This is the Effective Competing Contingency. Look at the contingencies again.

51. Yoko has a given level of ability on the violin Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko has an infinitesimally higher level of ability on the violin Yoko has 30 minutes of free time Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko doesn’t have 30 minutes of free time Yoko will have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko won’t have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. B. C. Back to the question! A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. Uh-oh! This is the Performance Management Contingency. It was designed by Yoko and Rick to manage her performance.

52. Yoko has a given level of ability on the violin Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko has an infinitesimally higher level of ability on the violin Yoko has 30 minutes of free time Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko doesn’t have 30 minutes of free time Yoko will have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko won’t have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. B. C. Careful! One of these contingencies is the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency. Try to find out which one it is. Back to the question! A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct.

53. Yoko has a given level of ability on the violin Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko has an infinitesimally higher level of ability on the violin Yoko has 30 minutes of free time Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko doesn’t have 30 minutes of free time Yoko will have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Yoko practices her violin for 30 minutes Yoko won’t have to do one of her roommate’s chores on Saturday Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency? A. B. C. A. A is the correct Contingency B. B is the correct Contingency C. C is the correct Contingency D. None of the Contingencies are correct. Good job! The natural outcome of Yoko’s practicing is an infinitesimal increase in her abilities. However, the tiny change in size makes that contingency ineffective in controlling behavior.

54. The Ineffective Natural Contingency portion of the work-show is complete. You may choose to stop here or continue on with the Performance Management Contingency Section (est. 15 mins.)