1. Chondrichthyse Alex Gosse and Zac Doucette

2. Phylogenetic Tree

3. Taxonomists: Characteristics for Animalia Heterotrophs Heterotrophs Multicellular Multicellular usually eukaryotic usually eukaryotic motile at some point in life motile at some point in life lack cell walls lack cell walls reproduce sexually reproduce sexually

4. Characteristics Chordata skeletal rod called Notochord, lying on the dorsal side of the body skeletal rod called Notochord, lying on the dorsal side of the body nerve cord that lies dorsally in the body nerve cord that lies dorsally in the body Pharyngeal Gill slits Pharyngeal Gill slits Digestive system, circulatory system, and nervous system are all well developed Digestive system, circulatory system, and nervous system are all well developed post-anal tail post-anal tail closed circulation closed circulation they reproduce sexually they reproduce sexually

5. Characteristics for Chondrichthyse poikilothermic (cold blooded) poikilothermic (cold blooded) swim bladder and lungs are absent swim bladder and lungs are absent digestive systems have intestinal spiral valves (exception of Holocephali) digestive systems have intestinal spiral valves (exception of Holocephali) have a cloaca have a cloaca

6. do not have bone marrow do not have bone marrow red blood cells are produced in the spleen and special tissue around the gonads red blood cells are produced in the spleen and special tissue around the gonads tough skin is covered with dermal teeth (exception Holocephali, as the teeth are lost in adults) tough skin is covered with dermal teeth (exception Holocephali, as the teeth are lost in adults) water dwelling vertebrates with gills throughout life water dwelling vertebrates with gills throughout life limbs in the form of fins limbs in the form of fins

7. Hammerhead Shark Great White Shark Sting Ray Bonnet head Shark

8. Spotted Eagle Ray Tiger Shark

9. TaxonSpotted Eagle Ray Great White Shark Bonnethead Shark KingdomAnamiliaAnamillia PhylumChordata ClassChondrichthyes OrderMyliobatiformesLamniformesCarcharhiniformes FamilyMyliobatidaeLamnidaeSphyrnidae GenusAetobatusCarcharodonSphyrna SpeciesA. NarinariC. CarchariasS. Tiburo

10. Life Cycle of The Great White Shark

11. Delivery is in Spring or Summer. Delivery is in Spring or Summer. Reproductive cycle is ovoviviparous: eggs are retained within the body of the female. Reproductive cycle is ovoviviparous: eggs are retained within the body of the female. Pups hatch from egg capsules inside the mothers uterus and are born soon afterward. (live birth) Pups hatch from egg capsules inside the mothers uterus and are born soon afterward. (live birth) Litter sizes range from 2-17 Litter sizes range from 2-17 Leave mothers side as soon as born. Leave mothers side as soon as born.

12. The pup's jaws develop in the first month and the stronger ones eat their weaker unborn siblings. The pup's jaws develop in the first month and the stronger ones eat their weaker unborn siblings. Females mature at 3.5-4.1 m in length and 9-10 years of age Females mature at 3.5-4.1 m in length and 9-10 years of age Males mature at 4-5 m in length and 14-16 years of age Males mature at 4-5 m in length and 14-16 years of age After maturity they can reproduce (little is known about reproduction) After maturity they can reproduce (little is known about reproduction) Mothers give birth at same spot every year Mothers give birth at same spot every year Life span is 30 years Life span is 30 years

14. Anatomical Features of Shark Their skin is rough and harsh like sand paper. Their skin is made up of dermal denticles which are minuscule placoid scales that are similar to teeth. These dermal denticles are even covered in enamel called vitro dentine, also including dentine and a pulp cavity; they are extremely comparable to teeth. Their skin is rough and harsh like sand paper. Their skin is made up of dermal denticles which are minuscule placoid scales that are similar to teeth. These dermal denticles are even covered in enamel called vitro dentine, also including dentine and a pulp cavity; they are extremely comparable to teeth. Skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone Skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone

15. Types of fins: pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, caudal Types of fins: pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, caudal Gills to aid in respiration. Side of its head 5-7 gill slits ( in order for gas exchange to happen correctly there must be water running over these gills at all times) Gills to aid in respiration. Side of its head 5-7 gill slits ( in order for gas exchange to happen correctly there must be water running over these gills at all times) Shark spiracle (Slits located behind the eye) send blood vessel immediately to the eyes and brain of the shark. Shark spiracle (Slits located behind the eye) send blood vessel immediately to the eyes and brain of the shark.

17. Sharks have a two chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle. The heart is an S-shaped tube that is located in the head of the shark. The blood is pumped by the heart through the afferent bronchial arteries to capillaries in the gills. The blood goes through efferent bronchial arteries then to the tissues of the body and finally back to the heart in veins.

18. Sharks swallow their food whole or bite it into very large pieces. They have U- shaped stomachs with acids and enzymes to dissolve what is eaten. The stomach produces a mush that enters the intestines. Only this mush can enter because of the pyloric valve is small. Indigestible things are vomited.

19. Sharks get rid of body waste in two ways. Some waste products, such as carbon dioxide, are expelled through the gills. Other body waste is excreted through the digestive tract. Sharks get rid of body waste in two ways. Some waste products, such as carbon dioxide, are expelled through the gills. Other body waste is excreted through the digestive tract.

20. Sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over its gills. Unlike other fish, sharks gills lie in a row behind the head, and are not covered. Just behind the eye there is a modified slit called a spiracle. This slit helps the shark with taking in water during respiration. When the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills, this process is called ‘ram ventilation’.

22. The word Chondrichthyse includes the latin word for cartilage which is a major feature for that taxon. The word Chondrichthyse includes the latin word for cartilage which is a major feature for that taxon. Sharks have inner ears but no outer ears. Sharks have inner ears but no outer ears. Sharks have been around for over 300 million years. Sharks have been around for over 300 million years.

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