1. IUCN SSG Red List Workshop Threats and Conservation Actions How do I make the correct selection?

2. Classification Schemes IUCN has developed standard terms for documenting: – Threats – Conservation actions Uniform classification – Allows for comparisons between taxonomic groups Still being developed and tested – Your feedback is important

3. Threat/Conservation Action 1. Main Category – 1.1 Sub category – Definition 2. Main Category – 2.3 Sub category 2.3.2 Sub-sub Category – Definition

4. Threats: what to keep in mind Two tasks – Write narrative describing threats Past, ongoing or future (3 generations or 10 years) – Not to exceed 100 years in the future Be very specific in the text, assume reader has no idea what happens in the region (they probably won’t!) – Cause of threat (driver) – Threat itself – Scale of threat – global population affected or only small part of population – Stress that threat places on taxon – habitat degradation or conversion, direct mortality, species disturbance… Use keywords associated with threats – Select specific threats Be selective – don’t choose everything (even though it may be tempting!)

5. Threats: the classification 1.Residential & commercial development 2.Agriculture & aquaculture 3.Energy production & mining 4.Transportation & service corridors 5.Biological resource use 6.Human intrusions & disturbance 7.Natural system modifications 8.Invasive & other problematic species & genes 9.Pollution 10.Geological events 11.Climate change & severe weather

6. Threats: the classification 1.Residential & commercial development 2.Agriculture & aquaculture 3.Energy production & mining 4.Transportation & service corridors 5.Biological resource use 6.Human intrusions & disturbance 7.Natural system modifications 8.Invasive & other problematic species & genes 9.Pollution 10.Geological events 11.Climate change & severe weather Most relevant

7. 1. Residential & Commercial Development 1.1 Housing & Urban areas – Land reclamation – Expanding human population that causes habitat degradation 2. Agriculture & Aquaculture 2.4 Marine & Freshwater Aquaculture 2.4.1 Subsistence/artisanal aquaculture 2.4.2 Industrial aquaculture – Mangrove destruction for shrimp farming specifically (two scales) Threats

8. 5. Biological Resource Use 5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources 5.4.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale) – small scale/subsistence intentional fishery – Aquarium trade – Classification not based on the impact of the fishery Threats 5.4.2 Intentional mortality (human use - large scale) – large scale/commercial intentional – Size of the fishery, not the impact

9. 5. Biological Resource Use (cont.) 5.4.3 Incidental or accidental mortality - BYCATCH – small scale/subsistence unintentional fishery – small scale cyanide/dynamite fishing (stress = ecosystem degradation) Threats 5.4.4 Incidental or accidental mortality – BYCATCH – large scale/commercial unintentional fishery – large scale cyanide/dynamite fishing (stress of ecosystem degradation) 5.4.5 Persecution/Control – shark nets

10. Threats: Note on Biological Resource Use Intentional fisheries – Targeted Family (e.g. Rhincobatidae, angel sharks) or species level – NOT “elasmobranch…” or “skate fishery” – Does the fishery go out to specifically target a species, or does it adjust its fishing tactics to catch the species? If so, when? Unintentional fishery – All other fishing whether discarded or not – Not just bycatch

11. 6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities Threats 7. Natural System Modifications 7.2 Dams & Water management/use 7.2.9 Small dams 7.2.10 Large dams 7.2.11 Dams (size unknown)

12. 9. Pollution – 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water 9.1.1 Sewage 9.1.2 Run-off 9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded – 9.2 Industrial & military effluents 9.2.1 Oil spills 9.2.2 Seepage from mining 9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded – 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents 9.3.1 Nutrient loads 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation 9.3.3 Herbicides and pesticides 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded – 9.4 Garbage & solid waste Threats

13. 11 Climate change & severe weather – 11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration – 11.2 Droughts – 11.3 Temperature extremes – 11.4 Storms & flooding  You have to have strong evidence to choose these  Population consequences Threats

14. Conservation Actions Two tasks – Write narrative describing Conservation Actions – In Place Be very specific in the text, assume reader has no idea what a specific Conservation Actions implies (they probably won’t!) Use keywords associated with threat selections below – Select specific Conservation Actions required to mitigate major threats Be selective – don’t choose everything (even though it may be tempting!) Be realistic – Don’t record a full ‘wish list’ – Achieved in the next 5 years

15. 1.Land/water protection 2.Land/water management 3.Species management 4.Education & awareness 5.Law & policy 6.Livelihood, economic & other incentives Conservation Actions

16. 1.Land/water protection 2.Land/water management 3.Species management 4.Education & awareness 5.Law & policy 6.Livelihood, economic & other incentives Conservation Actions Most relevant

17. Conservation Actions 1 Land/water protection – 1.1 Site/area protection – 1.2 Resource & habitat protection Marine Protected Area designation

18. Conservation Actions 2 Land/water management – 2.1 Site/area management MPA has already been set up but implementation required (no paper parks) – 2.3 Habitat & natural process restoration coral reef restoration mangrove replanting modify land use policy (logging and sedimentation) dam removal cleaning up oil spills

19. Conservation Actions 3 Species management 3.1 Species management 3.1.1 Harvest management – Management of harvest – fishing effort controls 3.1.2 Trade management – trade regulations of specific populations – non CITES trade regulations – aquarium trade regulations

20. Conservation Actions 4 Education & awareness – 4.2 Training Species identification (fisheries observers) – 4.3 Awareness & communications Shark nets

21. Conservation Actions 5 Law & policy 5.1 Legislation 5.1.1 International level – CITES – a more general international agreement (than 3.1.2 – trade management) for the species itself or a group of species (e.g. hammerheads) 5.1.2 National level 5.1.3 Sub-national level 5.1.4 Scale unspecified 5.2 Policies and regulations (Salafsky)

22. Conservation Actions 5 Law & policy 5.3 Private sector standards & codes – Marine Aquarium Council – Marine Stewardship Council 5.4 Compliance and enforcement – If it has CITES, for example, it would require this 5.4.1 International level 5.4.2 National level 5.4.3 Sub-national level 5.4.4 Scale unspecified

23. Threats and Conservation Actions Any questions?