1. Some Terms Used to Describe Reproductive Patterns Oviparity - eggs develop outside the mother’s reproductive tract Iteroparity - capable of reproducing more than once Semelparity - capable of reproducing only once Ovoviviparity - eggs develop inside female’s reproductive tract without any additional nutrients beyond yolk. Viviparity - egg develops inside female’s reproductive tract with additional nutrients beyond yolk. Aplacental viviparity - no placenta present, so nutrients and gas exchange occur via other means Placental viviparity - placental exchange surface present Ovoviviparity and viviparity require internal fertilization.

2. Terms for Hermaphrodites Synchronous (ovary and testis function at same time). Examples include some seabasses (Serranidae) Protogynous (females change to males). Examples include some seabasses, wrasses and parrot fishes. Protandrous (males change to females).

3. Fig. 21.1. Ovotestes of a seabass (a hermaphrodite).

4. Fig. 21.2. Secondary sexual characters.

5. Fig. 21.3. Early development of sexually indifferent gonad.

6. Fig. 21.3. Later development of female and male gonads.

7. Fig. 21.4. Oviduct of chondrichthyan forms from archinephric duct.

8. Fig. 21.5. Mammalian seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis.

9. Fig. 21.6. Spermatogenesis

10. Fig. 21.7. Testicular descent in human male.

11. Fig. 21.8. Urogenital system of a male toad.

12. Fig. 21.9. Section through a mammalian ovary.

13. Fig. 21.10. Section through frog ovary

14. Fig. 21.11. Lamprey.

15. Fig. 21.12. Reproductive ducts of males.

16. Fig. 21.13. Reproductive system of a male amniote, based on human.

17. Fig. 21.14. Differentiation of ducts in male and female mammals.

18. Fig. 21.15. Reproductive tracts of female anamniotes

19. Fig. 21.16. Egg case of an oviparous shark.

20. Fig. 21.17. Reproductive tracts of female turtle and bird.

21. Fig. 21.18. Reproductive tracts of female monotremes and marsupials.

22. Fig. Focus 21.2.

23. Fig. 21.19. Placental types for therian mammals.

24. Fig. 21.20.

25. Fig. 21.21. Chorioallantoic placentae - exchange surfaces.

26. Fig. 21.22. Monotreme cloaca.

27. Fig. 21.23. Development of cloaca in eutherians.

29. Fig. 21.24.

30. Fig. 21.25.

31. Fig. 21.26.

32. Fig. 21.27.

33. Fig. 21.28.

34. Fig. Focus 21.1.

35. Fig. Focus 21.2.