1. Animal Kingdom One of 5 Kingdoms …what are the others?
Invertebrates (8 phyla)
Vertebrates = Phylum Chordata

2. Let’s start at the very beginning . . .
Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla:
Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Subphylum Vertebrata

3. What is a Chordate?
All chordates have 4 basic features that are present at some point during their life cycle
Hollow Nerve Cord – Nerve cord in which nerves branch out at regular intervals; dorsal nerve cord
Notochord (backbone) – Long supporting rod that runs throughout body
Paired structures (gill slits )in throat
Muscular Tail – Extends beyond anus (tailbone)
Only 4-5% of animals are chordates
Examples = Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds

4. The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
Tail
Anus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollow nerve cord
Notochord

5. Subphylum Vertebrates
Can be divided further into 5 classes
Classes of Vertebrates include:
Cold blooded (ectotherm)
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Warm blooded (endothem)
Mammals
birds

6. Fish – Basic Facts
Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat imaginable
Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by fins, scales, and gills
Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve.
Fish bring in Oxygen rich water through gills and remove oxygen poor water through gill slits
Closed circulatory system
Four chambered heart
Swim bladder controls buoyancy
Most are egg laying (external/internal fertilization)
Most move by contracting opposite muscles

7. Fertilization Many fish lay eggs External fertilization
Process in which a sperm joins with an egg OUTSIDE of the body
Internal fertiliation
Process in which sperm join with an egg inside the body

8. Groups of Fish Jawless Fish –
Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.
Have no bones
Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as adults
Lampreys, Hagfish
Chondrichthyes –
Skeleton built entirely of cartilage
Sharks, sea rays
Osteichthyes –
Bony Fish have swim bladders
Majority of fish fall in this order
Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.

9. Swim bladders Bony (Osteichthyes) fish have swim bladders
Gas-gilled sac that gives fish buoyancy
What is buoyancy?
What can bony fish do because of the swim bladder?
Create an analogy with something you may use and a swim bladder

11. Sea Ray - Chondrichthyes
Lamprey – Jawless Fish
Catfish - Osteichthyes
Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes

12. Amphibians – Basic Facts
Amphibian = “double life”
Live in both water and land
Most larvae are fishlike; adults are terrestrial carnivores
Larvae respire through skin/gills; Adults use lungs
Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved some, not all, adaptations for life on land
First appeared 360 million years ago
External fertilization
Closed circulatory system; three chambered heart

13. The Life Cycle of a Frog Section 30-3 Adult Frog Young Frog
Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years.
Young Frog
Frog eggs are laid in water and
undergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Fertilized Eggs
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

14. Amphibians Section 30-3 Amphibians means “Double life” as
larvæ they live in
adults they live on
Water
Land
and have special adaptations such as
Bones
Lungs
Ribs
are
that allow for
that allow
that provide
Efficient movement
Breathing air
Support and protection
are

15. Groups of Amphibians Salamanders – Long bodies and tails
Adults are carnivorous
Usually live in moist woods
Frogs and Toads –
Lack tails
Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water
Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water
Caecilians –
Legless animals that burrow in moist soil
Have fishlike scales

16. Spotted Salamander
Poison Dart Frog
Fire Bellied Toad
Caecilian

17. Reptiles – Basic Facts All reptiles have:
Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments
Terestrial eggs – first animals to develop amniotic eggs that didn’t need to be deposited in water
Respire using lungs
Internal Fertilization; Most are egg-laying
Ectotherms – cannot internally regulate body temperature; cannot live in cold climates
Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking, etc.)
Closed circulatory system; double loop;
Heart = two atria/one or two ventricles

18. Amniotic Eggs
Top- Embryo Egg Shell Chorion Allantois Yolk

19. Groups of Reptiles Turtles Shells Beaks (no teeth)
Lizards and Snakes (Squamates)
Shed Skin
Jointed jaws/ skulls
Crocodilians
Large Snout- Big teeth
Powerful tail
Semi-aquatic
Tuataras
Only 2 species (New Zealand)- most have become extinct

20. Coral Snake
Sea Turtle
Galapagos Tortoise
Iguana

21. Nile Crocodile
North American Alligator
Tuatara

22. Birds – Basic Facts Nearly 10,000 modern bird species
Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs)
Have outer covering made of feathers, two legs used for walking or perching, and forelimbs modified into wings
Feathers separate birds from all other animal species
Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat
Hollow bones- lighter for flight
Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat
Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to Oxygen rich air
Internal fertilization; amniotic eggs; many mate for life

23. Bird Groups
Neorinthes (Modern birds) have 27 Orders of different bird groups (ex: ducks, grouse, pigeons, pelicans, hawks, hummingbirds, owls, woodpeckers, and perching birds, etc.)

24. Bird adaptations Birds Section 31-2
have the following adaptations to flight
Wings
Feathers
Strong chest muscles
Efficient respiratory system
Efficient circulatory system
which are
that also
that power
that provide
that ensure
Homologous to front limbs in other vertebrates
Provide warmth
Upward and downward wing strokes
One-way flow of O2-rich air
O2 distribution to body tissues

25. Wings & Feathers

26. Purple Finch
Stork
Red-Tailed Hawk
Emu

27. Mammals – Basic Facts
First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago
Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago
Basic characteristics
Hair
Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish young
Breathe air
Four chambered heart
Endotherms – can generate own body heat
Internal fertilization; care for young

28. Mammal Groups Monotremes Marsurpials Placentals Lay eggs
Duck-billed platypus and anteater
Marsurpials
Birth live young and develop in a pouch
Kangaroos, koalas, opposums, etc.
Placentals
Young fully develop inside mother
Nourished by a placenta