1. SixcurrentMPAProjects: Offshore MPAs National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment BCLME KwaZulu-Natal Prince Edward Islands Agulhas Bioregion

2. (Namib Bioregion) Namaqua Bioregion Agulhas Bioregion Natal Bioregion Delagoa Bioregion 30 m 150 m South- western Cape Bioregion Bioregions KwaZulu- Natal Sea-PLAN Dr Jean Harris KZN-Wildife

3. FINE-SCALE (high resolution/detail) Suitable for local scale management interventions PLANNING AREA Provincial waters out to the EEZ (200 nm)

4. 1. PATTERNS Shoreline Habitats Species Offshore Bathymetry Reefs Geology Canyons 2. PROCESSES Oceanography Fish spawning areas Fish nursery areas Fish migrations Predictable aggregations Dispersal routes 3. THREATS (lots)

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY 1. PATTERNS

6. Mapping the shoreline at 100m intervals SHORELINE BIODIVERSITY MAPPING

7. Data mapped onto high resolution colour aerial photos

8. Three major beach types were identified and mapped: 1. Reflective beaches 2. Intermediate beaches 3. Dissipative beaches B R X F S Beach Type: Refl Deans: 1.067 Avg Grain Size: 425 µm Wave Height: 0.9m Wave Freq: 4 min -1 Slope: 1/12 SANDY SHORES (Ronel Nel) 314 transects

9. SPECIES Seaweeds Other invertebrates Sponges Fish Birds

10. Species being mapped spatially (Kerry Sink) 1.Fisheries importance 2. Over exploited species 3. Threatened species IUCN 2006 Red list South African Mammal Red data book National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment Priority linefish species for conservation CITES Listed 4.Endemic species 5.Rare species 6.Other species of concern (NGOs, User Groups, Literature)

11. 1. PATTERNS Shoreline Habitats Species Offshore Bathymetry Reefs Geology Canyons 2. PROCESSES Oceanography Fish spawning areas Fish nursery areas Fish migrations Predictable aggregations Dispersal routes 3. THREATS

12. OFFSHORE BATHYMETRY - DEPTH Council for Marine Geoscience

13. 10-30 m (Cloverley Lawrence) Shallow Reefs 2-10m (Sean Porter) Deep reefs >40m Kerry Sink Reefs – Photic BioZones

14. Reef positions – compiled data, all sources

15. OFFSHORE HABITAT MAPPING Seafloor Geology Canyons

16. OFFSHORE HABITAT MAPPING

17. 1. PATTERNS Shoreline Habitats Species Offshore Bathymetry Reefs Geology Canyons 2. PROCESSES Oceanography Fish spawning areas Fish nursery areas Fish migrations Predictable aggregations Dispersal routes 3. THREATS

18. Offshore “Domains” – 1km x 1km Defined by ……. * Depth * Turbidity * Temperature * Chlorophyll * Sediment type Oceanography 2. PROCESSES

19. Chlorophyll Sea surface temperature

20. Turbidity Data Analysis based on colour 5 categories

23. Oceanographic Provinces Bakun (Ocean triads)

24. 3. Threats & degree of impact/transformation Commercial exploitation Subsistence and small scale commercial use Recreational fishing Shark control installations Aquarium trade – commercial Aquarium trade - recreational Ornamental shell trade Mariculture Alien invasive species Mining Shipping Pollution Non-extractive recreational activities Coastal development and access Natural threats e.g. cyclones Disease Climate change

25. Commercial Exploitation

26. Issues & challenges? * Offshore profiles as proxy for biodiversity - test * Integrating estuaries * Measuring threat intensity * Threats vs vulnerability * Setting targets * Connectivity & proximity factors

27. (Namib Bioregion) Namaqua Bioregion Agulhas Bioregion Natal Bioregion Delagoa Bioregion 30 m 150 m South- western Cape Bioregion Bioregions

28. FINE to MEDIUM-SCALE Suitable for bioregional prioritisation PLANNING AREA Bioregional waters out to 30 m depth

29. Used MARXAN to site new MPAs using coastline accessibility (by foot or boats) as a cost factor

30. Conservation planning analyses 1.MARXAN (1 km coastal planning units) 2.Meet targets 3.Avoid areas of high cost 4.Cluster solutions 1.Intertidal habitats (1:5000) 2.Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments) 3.Coastal dune systems (exact locations) 4.Marine geology (surrogate for different reef types, 1:2million) Features Costs 1.Foot access 2.Boat access

31. Feature 1: Intertidal habitats (1:5000)

32. Feature 2: Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments)

33. Feature 3: Proposed coastal dune reserves (exact locations, Tinley 1985)

34. Feature 4: Subtidal geology (1:2 million)

35. Accessibility model Costs

36. Priority areas avoided coastlines with high cost (accessibility)

37. 19 Priority areas