1. 4A4
Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts

2. Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities
Stomach and small intestines
Kidney and bladder
Root, stem and leaf

3. Stomach and Small Intestine
Stomach is a “holding station” involved in the acidic breakdown of food
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid breaks down food
Converts pepsinogen to pepsin, an active protease
Chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter to the small intestine
The structure of the small intestine is specialized for digestion and nutrient uptake
The surface area of the small intestine is increased by fingerlike projections, villi
Duodenum receives digestive secretions(enzymes) from the pancreas and liver.
Stomach and Small Intestine

6. Kidney and Urinary Bladder
The kidney filters out nitrogenous wastes from blood
adds water to produce urine
The urine travels down the ureter to the urinary bladder and is stored until it is passed out of the body
Kidney and Urinary Bladder

9. adapted for growing underground absorbing water and solutes
Roots
adapted for growing underground
absorbing water and solutes
Root, Stem, and Leaf

10. Xylem and Phloem

11. Stems carry leaves and flowers and support the plants weight
Modified stems
Stems carry leaves and flowers and support the plants weight
Modified stems carry out vegetative propagation and store nutrients.
Storage – bulbs, corms, tubers
Propagation – runners/stolons, cladophylls, tendrils
Both – rhizomes
Stems

12. Leaves are principles sites of photosynthesis
Leaf features such as their arrangements, form, size, and internal structure can be highly variable across environments
Leaves

13. Internal leaf structure regulates gas exchange and evaporation (epidermis with guard cells and vascular tissue, mesophyll where photosynthesis takes place).

14. Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities
Respiratory and circulatory
Nervous and muscular
Plant vascularity and leaf structure

15. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
The respiratory system (lungs, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity) brings in oxygen
Exchanges the oxygen for carbon dioxide - a waste product of cellular respiration.
The circulatory (cardiovascular) system carries oxygen-rich blood to all cells in the body via the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Brings waste products back to the organs that eliminate those chemicals
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

17. Nervous and Muscular Systems
The nervous system controls the muscular system in 2 ways.
The autonomic nervous system (involuntary) controls the muscles of the urinary, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems so that these structures can perform their specific functions
The somatic nervous system (voluntary) controls the skeletal muscles
Nervous and Muscular Systems

18. Plant Vascularity and Leaf Structure
In leaves, the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll.
Plant Vascularity and Leaf Structure

19. The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf (towards the stem)
The phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf (away from the stem)
This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top, since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface (cross- section of leaf structure)