1. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies

2. I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy

4. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy

5. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict

6. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed

7. Icon depicting the First Council of Nicaea (325) B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed

8. The Nicene Creed We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible; and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance [homoousios] with the Father. By whom all things were made, both which be in heaven and in earth. Who for us men and for our salvation came down [from heaven] and was incarnate and was made man. He suffered and the third day he rose again, and ascended into heaven. And he shall come again to judge both the quick and the dead. And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost. And whosoever shall say that there was a time when the Son of God was not, or that before he was begotten he was not, or that he was made of things that were not, or that he is of a different substance or essence [from the Father] or that he is a creature, or subject to change or conversion--all that so say, the Catholic and Apostolic Church anathematizes them.

9. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople (381)

10. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople D. 3 Important Aspects of the Controversy

11. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople D. 3 Important Aspects of the Controversy III. Fourth-Century Paganism

12. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople D. 3 Important Aspects of the Controversy III. Fourth-Century Paganism A. The Career of Emperor Julian the “Apostate”

14. Death of Julian in Christian legend: Coptic icon of St. Mercurius

15. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople D. 3 Important Aspects of the Controversy III. Fourth-Century Paganism A. The Career of Emperor Julian the “Apostate” B. Julian’s Religious Policies

16. Julian’s Coinage

17. Theology & Politics: Fourth-Century Controversies I. North Africa: The Donatist Controversy II. The Arian Controversy A. The Conflict B. Resolution: Council of Nicaea & the Nicene Creed C. Aftermath: Athanasius; Council of Constantinople D. 3 Important Aspects of the Controversy III. Fourth-Century Paganism A. The Career of Emperor Julian the “Apostate” B. Julian’s Religious Policies IV. Reign of Theodosius I & the Triumph of Nicene Christianity

18. BishopTheophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, standing on ruins of the Serapeum, pagan temple destroyed in 391, (fragment of fifth-century Alexandrian chronicle)

19. Christian Graffiti: Pagan Statues marked with sign of the cross

20. Ambrose of Milan Expelling Jews or Arians Illuminated manuscript, fifteenth century from Morgan Library, New York, M. 672-5, © Morgan Library

21. Emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395)