1. VF Gender Difference1 THE CONTRAVERSY OVER GENDER DIFFEENCES IN PARTNER VIOLENCE PREVALENCE RATES – Assaults – Stalking – Homicides – Why the rates differ MUTUALITY OF PARTNER VIOLENCE ARE THE CAUSES DIFFERENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN? WHAT EXPLAINS THE BELIEF THAT IT IS A MALE CRIME? WHY ENDING VIOLENCE BY FEMALE PARTNERS IS CRUCIAL

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5. 5 N=8,000 RATE =1.3%

6. VF Gender Difference6 NOTE: THE PAST-YEAR RATES ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY HIGHER FOR WOMEN

7. VF Gender Difference7 North AmericaLatin America EuropeAsia & Middle East

8. VF Gender Difference8 ETHNIC AND NATIONAL PATTERNS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RATES

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14. VF Gender Difference14 MUTUALITY OF VIOLENCE DIFFERENT THAN SIMILARITY IN PREVALENCE RATES

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17. VF Gender Difference17 SURVEY OF 1,000 COUPLES AND 1,500 INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVED COUNSELING FROM ACCORD (2002) 53% reported one or more instances of domestic violence Among those where there was domestic violence 46% mutual violence 30% perpetrated by women only 24% by men only STUDY OF FAMILY PROBLEMS CLIENTS (2001 STUDY FOR THE MARRIAGE AND RELATIONSHIP COUNSELING SERVICE (MRCS) 33% mutual violence 41% perpetrated by women only 26% men only TWO IRISH STUDIES

18. VF Gender Difference18 WOMENS SHARE OF HOMICIDE

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20. VF Gender Difference20 STALKING

21. VF Gender Difference21 ARE THE CAUSES DIFFERENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN? FEMINISTS BELIEVE THAT WOMEN ARE VIOLENT ONLY IN SELF DEFENSE WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH SHOW

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23. VF Gender Difference23 Conclusions From Review of 33 Previous Studies That Provide 219 Gender Comparisons (Straus & Medeiros, ASC 2002) Almost two thirds of risk factors apply to women as well as men Difficult to identify with confidence which risk factors apply only to men and which apply only to women

24. VF Gender Difference24 Conclusions 71% of the 21 risk factors applied to both men and women Percent of symmetrical risk factors the same for minor and severe assaults Some widely held beliefs supported and some not

25. VF Gender Difference25 Risk Factors Correlated Only with Assault Perpetration by men: * Gender Hostility and minor assaults (but not for severe assaults) * Chronic Stress * Violent childhood socialization Risk Factors Correlated Only With Assault Perpetration By Women * Relationship Distress

26. VF Gender Difference26 * Correlated with Assault Perpetration by Both Men And Women * Poor anger Management * Antisocial Personality * Borderline Personality * Criminal History * Relationship Conflict * Communication Problems * Dominance * Jealousy * Negative Attributions * Neglect History * Sexual Abused As A Child * Pro-Violence Attitudes

27. VF Gender Difference27 DOMINANCE AND PERPETRATION OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE DOMINANCE SCALE AND SUBSCALE SIGNIFICANT RELATION TO ASSAULT FOR: TOTAL N=316 MEN N=161 WOMEN N=155 OVERALL DOMINANCEXXX PowerXXX PossessiveXXX DecisionsXX DevaluationX X MEAN AGE 34 32 Sugihara, Y., Warner, J. A. 2002. "Dominance and Domestic Abuse Among Mexican Americans: Gender Differences in the Etiology of Violence in Intimate Relationships." Journal of Family Violence 17:315-339. DOMINANCE AND PHYSICAL ASSAULT OF A PARTNER BY MEXICAN AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN

28. VF Gender Difference28 PR13A CRIM HIST AND PARTNER ASSAULT

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31. VF Gender Difference31 WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE BELIEF THAT IT IS PRIMARILY A MALE CRIME? AMONG CASES RECOREDED BY THE POLICE 80-99% ARE BY MEN SYMPATHY FOR VICTIMS (WHO ARE PREDOMINANTLY WOMEN) OUTSIDE THE FAMILY, MALE VIOLENCE IS IS 10 TIMES GREATER EFFORTS OF FEMINISTS IS WHAT BROUGHT THE ISSUE ISSUE OF PARTNER VIOLENCE TO PUBLIC ATTENTION VIOLATES CULTURAL NORM OF "NEVER HIT A WOMAN" VERSUS IMPLICT NORM TOLERATING VIOLENCE BY WOMEN MEDIA DISTORTIONS SUPRESSION OF THE EVIDENCE BY RESEARCHERS Feminist researchers Fear of reprisal by other researchers

32. VF Gender Difference32 MEDIA COVERAGE OFTEN MISREPRESENTS

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35. VF Gender Difference35 SUPPRESION OF EVIDENCE

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37. VF Gender Difference37 EXAMPLES OF EFFORTS TO SUPRESS * UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE Campaign to have Suzanne Steinmetz fired Bomb threat at daughter's wedding * UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Lecturer's contract not renewed * MY EXPERIENCES Graduate student warned she will never get a job if she does her PhD research with me Prevented from speaking at U of Mass. Accused of wife beating Accused of sexually exploiting students Walk out at my SSSP presidential address * MANY OTHER CASES: A CLIMATE OF FEAR

38. VF Gender Difference38 HAVE WE REPLACED MYSOGONY WITH ???

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40. VF Gender Difference40 DEPENDS ON WHETHER BOTH STOP

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42. VF Gender Difference42 IGNORING GENDER SYMMENTRY HANDICAPS PRIMARY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF IPV ESCALATION AND DESISTANCE OF WIFE ASSAULT IN MARRIAGE (Feld & Straus, Criminology, 1989)  PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 446 WOMEN  INTERVIEWED 1 AND 2 YEARS AFTER INITIAL SURVEY REVEALED VICTIMIZATION  MOST VIOLENCE STOPPED 50% 1 YEARS LATER 61% 2 YEARS LATER  KEY FACTOR PREDICTING CONTINUATION OR ESCALATION: WHETHER THE WIFE ALSO HIT AT TIME 1

43. VF Gender Difference43 * Treatment program are needed for both female as well as male offenders * Program content needs to take into account both similarities and differences between men and women in risk factors POLICY IMPLICATIONS

44. VF Gender Difference44 SOC 697 END

45. VF Gender Difference45 CONSEQUENCES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR MEN AND WOMEN

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51. VF Gender Difference51 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN OTHER TYPES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

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57. VF Gender Difference57 END

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