1. Historical Background Main Events and Behavioral Legacies

2. History Timeline

3. Focus on Key Concepts to explain Behavioral Legacies n Group Orientation n Individual Expression n Universal Principles

4. Group Orientation n Kinship n Bureaucracy n Ie (household) system n Group decision making n Samurai spirit (loyalty)

5. Individual Expression n Arts n Political and economic ambition n Private property n Individual rights n Samurai spirit (self-discipline)

6. Universal Principles n Buddhism n Confucianism n Nationalism n Democracy

7. Historical Background I: A Merging of Cultures Japanese family based organization Chinese bureaucratic administration Time Period: 300-1456 AD Classical Period: 500-1192 Feudal Period: 1192-1456

8. Introduction: A Merging of Cultures n To what extent did the Japanese adopt Chinese culture? n In what ways were the cultures compatible or incompatible? n What behavioral legacies have they left for today?

9. The Main Events n The establishment of Japanese kinship organization n The adoption of Chinese culture and Administration n The rise of the Samurai

10. Behavioral Legacies n Merging of family and bureaucratic organization n Figureheads and consensus administration n Classical Expression n Cooperation amongst competitors: Buddhism and Shinto n Samurai spirit: loyalty & self-discipline

11. The establishment of Japanese kinship organization n Prehistoric Jomon and Yayoi cultures n Establishment of Uji (clan/family) based social and political organization n Yamato establishes first control over large area n Contact with Korea and China

13. The adoption of Chinese culture and Administration n The Buddhist vector n Writing, music, architecture, technology n The Imperial system (with continuous succession) n Bureaucratic administration (with kinship based selection) n Idealized cities and land control

14. The rise of the Samurai n The breakdown of imperial administration and land control n The rise of the warrior bands n The Kamakura Shogunate (1192) n The Ashikaga Shogunate (1368) n The Warring States (1467-1573)

15. Genji Monogatari vs. Ran n What are the values and interests of Prince Genji? Of the Women in his life? n What are the values and interests of of the samurai and the women in Ran?

16. Behavioral Legacies n Merging of family and bureaucratic organization n Figureheads and consensus administration n Classical Expression n Cooperation amongst competitors: Buddhism and Shinto n Samurai spirit: loyalty & self-discipline

17. Merging of family and bureaucratic organization n Merging of informal and formal hierarchic organizations n A basis of parent-child (Oyabun-kobun) relations n Classical examples: Imperial family, Imperial administration, Shogunate n Present examples: corporations, political parties, arts, and sports. n Tension between promotion of relatives and opportunities for merit

18. Figureheads and consensus administration n Leader in name only, most decisions made by next rank of advisors together n Classical examples: Imperial administration, Shogunates. n Present examples: emperor, companies, government administration, ministries. n Decisiveness and speed can be an issue

19. Classical Expression n Poetry, calligraphy, painting, perfumes, flowers, music, theatre, gardens, architecture. n Life, love and art of the courtly life (miyabi- refinement & mono no aware-sadness at things passing). n Samurai emulation, practice and sponsorship. n Buddhism: Monastic, Salvation, Zen(cultivated poverty of simplicity and rusticity).

21. Cooperation amongst competitors: Buddhism and Shinto n Competing for followers n Buddhism incorporated Shinto practices and offered new ones n Shinto adopted Buddhist use of arts and texts n Shared space and followers n Most Japanese remain both Shinto and Buddhist; people and groups can compete and cooperate at same time

23. Samurai spirit: loyalty & self-discipline n Samurai expected to sacrifice himself for lord in battle and obedience n Loyalty to lord based on return of favor in land, defense, gains from war. n The role of Zen: military training & arts n Developed into Bushido, administrative performance, corporate loyalty

24. Summing Up: A Merging of Cultures n To what extent did the Japanese adopt Chinese culture? n In what ways were the cultures compatible or incompatible? n What behavioral legacies have they left for today?

25. Historical Background II: Feudalism to Modernism Hierarchic organization of society 1603-1868 The spread of individualism and nationalism 1868-1900

26. Introduction n How did Japanese society become structured in the Tokugawa period? n What were the conflicting bases of this structure? n How did that structure begin to change after the opening of Japan? n How was centralization reinforced after the opening of Japan?

27. Main Events Tokugawa Period n Unification and centralization n Social stratification Meiji Restoration Period n “The opening of Japan” n The drive for Modernization

28. Behavioral Legacies n The formalization of the Ie (household system) n The culture of the floating world n Private property and individualism n Nationalism

29. Unification and Centralization n Three Generals: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu n Land survey and allocation n Alternate attendance of lords (daimyo) n Establishment of a system of cities n Closure of the country

30. Transportation, Alternate Residence and the Creation of a System of Cities

32. Social Stratification n Samurai and Nobility (Shi) n Farmers (No) n Craftsmen (Ko) n Merchants (Sho) n (Floating world (Ukiyo) people and Eta)

33. “The Opening of Japan” n The degradation of the Tokugawa system n The Black Ships n The Meiji restoration n The unequal treaties

35. The Drive for Modernization n “Rich country, strong army” n Foreign delegations and expertise n Reform of government institutions n Business takes over industrialization

36. Behavioral Legacies Tokugawa n The formalization of the family system to the Ie (household system) n The culture of the floating world Meiji Restoration n Private property and individualism n Nationalism

37. Formalization of the Ie (household system) n Samurai kinship became model for family and other organizations n Passing on of household heritage intact more important than individual n Main and branch households n Graves, Iemoto systems of arts, businesses

38. The culture of the floating world n Expression in wood block printing, bunraku, kabuki, sumo, haiku, netsuke, gardens, etc. n Merchant wealth, commoner creativity n Samurai sensibilities, merchant emulation

44. Private property and individualism n The end of formal feudal stratification n Extension of private property n Beginnings of constitutional rights

45. Nationalism n From preservation of Shogun lineage to preservation of nation n The Emperor as god and national symbol n The military connection n Reaction against westernization

46. Summing Up n How did Japanese society become structured in the Tokugawa period? n What were the conflicting bases of this structure? n How did that structure begin to change after the opening of Japan? n How was centralization reinforced after the opening of Japan?

47. Historical Background III: Authoritarianism to Democracy The military takes control 1900-1945 Democracy becomes rooted 1945-Now

48. Introduction n How authoritarian was Japan before World War II? n What legacies of authoritarian Japan remain today? n How strongly is democracy rooted in Japan? n How did group orientation and individual expression develop in Japan’s post-war economy?

49. Main Events n Fragile democracy crushed by militarism n Defeat in World War II n American Occupation and reforms n The political and economic miracles

50. Behavioral Legacies n Entrenched authoritarianism and nationalism n Entrenched opposition to authoritarianism and nationalism n Universal expansion of individual rights n Corporatism and entrepreneurialism

51. Fragile Democracy Crushed by Militarism n The constitution and its weakness n The growth of party politics n Japan’s imperialism n The army gets out of control

54. Defeat in World War II n American reaction to Japan’s expansion n Pearl Harbour, Hong Kong, and Singapore n The Asia-Pacific War n The Atomic Bombs

56. American Occupation and Reforms n Supreme Allied Command Pacific (SCAP) n Social, economic & political reforms n The peace constitution n The reverse course

57. The Political and Economic Miracles n The solidification of democracy n The income doubling plan n Japan as Number One n The bursting of the bubble

58. Behavioral Legacies n Entrenched authoritarianism and nationalism n Entrenched opposition to authoritarianism and nationalism n Universal expansion of individual rights n Corporatism and entrepreneurialism

59. Entrenched Authoritarianism & Nationalism n American preservation of wartime bureaucracy n Recapture of central power n A directed and protected economy n A few fanatics

60. Entrenched Opposition to Authoritarianism & Nationalism n Rejection of wartime values and support of democracy n The rise of the socialists and communists n Support for peace constitution and fight against flag and anthem

61. Universal Expansion of Individual Rights n Expansion of voting rights n End of family registration system

62. Corporatism & Entrepreneurialism n Development of Japanese management system n Creation of salaryman middle class n Reliance on small and medium sized firms n Entrepreneurial tradition

63. Summing Up n How authoritarian was Japan before World War II? n What legacies of authoritarian Japan remain today? n How strongly is democracy rooted in Japan? n How did group orientation and individual expression develop in Japan’s post-war economy?