1. Biology 3451 Entomology Introduction

2. How the course is organized Part 1: Guts ‘n’ Gonads Internal and External Structure 1. All major body sections + associated appendages 2. All major organ systems and how they work. Part 2: Tiptoe through the Orders 1. Insect evolution and paleontology 2. Characteristics of the insect orders and how they are related Part 3: Assorted and Fascinating Topics - such as: communication, overwintering strategies, mating systems, forensic entomology

3. Why we care about insects. 1. Annoyance

4. Why we care about insects. 2. Disease

5. Why we care about insects. 3. Competition

6. Why we care about insects. 4. Providers

7. Why we care about insects. 5. Fascination

8. History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology - scarab (dung ) beetle Cartouche of Pharaohs

9. History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology Flies Elaterid beetle Buprestid beetle Related to myths of rebirth May be model for shields used in battle Related to myths of rebirth

10. History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology Grasshoppers Honey bees Linked with solar cult of Re – bees were tears of Re Represented life along the Nile

11. History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Navajo dragonfly Dragonflies -involved in creation myths

12. History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Navajo dragonfly Dragonflies -involved in creation myths

13. History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Hopi Butterflies -symbol of rebirth, regeneration, happiness, joy

14. History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Biting flies Montagnais -’Big Biter’ – protector of fish

15. History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Navajo dragonfly Ant -involved in creation myths

16. Why we care about insects. 6. Mythology – North America Anishinababe How fly saved the river Lenape How the butterfly came to be Baja Cricket and cougar Klamath Cricket and mountain lion Miwok Grasshoppers Cheyenne Dragonfly Nez Percé Katydid Tlingit How mosquito came to be Cherokee How the bee got its stinger Koasati Locust and ant Innuit Boy and mosquito Mi’kmaq Where the mosquito came from

17. Approximately 100 references to insects – most are negative

18. History of Entomology Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) History of the Animals On the Parts of Animals On the Generation of Animals Contributions 1. Observations on behaviour/natural history 2. First attempt at taxonomy 3. Applied entomology (pest control) 4. Recognized metamorphosis

19. History of Entomology Pliny the Elder (23 - 79 AD) Historica Naturalis

20. History of Entomology Albertus Magnus (1193 - 1280 ) De Animalibus -covered 33 insect species

21. History of Entomology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) -microscopy -described viviparity and parthenogensis in aphids

22. History of Entomology Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694) -published first detailed anatomy of any invertebrate (Bombyx)

23. History of Entomology Jan Swammerdam (1637 - 1680) (“Father of Entomology”) -microanatomical studies (mayfly, honeybee)

24. History of Entomology John Ray (1628 - 1705) -scheme for classification of all living things (including insects)

25. History of Entomology Carl von Linné ( 1707 - 1778) (Linnaeus) -binomial classification system -described over 2000 species of insects

26. History of Entomology J.C. Fabricius (1745 - 1808) -student of Linnaeus -classified insects based on mouthparts Systema Entomologica (1775) -basis of insect classification Philosophia Entomologica (1778) -first entomology text - described >10,000 species

27. History of Entomology P.F.M.A. Dejean (1780 - 1845) -first to specialize on one group of insects - described >22,000 species of beetles

28. History of Entomology Thomas Say (1787 - 1834) -wrote first treatise on insects in North America “American Entomology”

29. History of Entomology 400 300 200 100 0 100 150016001700 1800 1900 AristotlePliny the Elder Albertus Magnus 110012001300 Malpighi Ray Von Leeuwenhoek Swammerdam Linnaeus Fabricius Say Invention of microscope

30. PHYLOGENY Arthropoda Myriapoda Chelicerata Hexapoda Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles) Pauropoda Diplopoda (millipedes) Chilopoda (centipedes) Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks) Eurypterida (sea scorpions) Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Trilobita (trilobites) Symphyla Mandibulata

31. PHYLOGENY Arthropoda Myriapoda Chelicerata Hexapoda Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles) Pauropoda Diplopoda (millipedes) Chilopoda (centipedes) Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks) Eurypterida (sea scorpions) Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Trilobita (trilobites) Symphyla

32. The Insect Orders Insecta Hexapoda Protura Diplura Collembola

33. The Insect Orders Insecta Archaeognatha Thysanura Pterygota Paleoptera Neoptera Ephemeroptera Odonata Orthopteroids Plecoptera Embiidina Phasmida Orthoptera Mantophasmatodea Zoraptera Dictyoptera Grylloblatodea HemipteroidsPsocodea Thysanoptera Hemiptera Endopterygota

34. The Insect Orders (continued Insecta Archaeognatha Thysanura Pterygota Paleoptera Neoptera Orthopteroids Hemipteroids Endopterygota Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Hymenoptera

35. Animal Abundance - Number of Species

37. Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids + Hymenoptera Exopterygota = Hemipteroids + Paleoptera + Orthopteroids Apterygota = Thysanura + Archaeognatha

38. Insect Orders - Number of Species

39. Insect Orders - Number of Species (log plot)

40. WHY ARE INSECTS SO SUCCESSFUL? 1. Ability to fly 2. Reproductive capacity & adaptibility 3. Resist drying - exoskeleton 4. Small size 5. Metamorphosis

41. Next time Why insects are crunchy!