1. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Algae and Protozoans What types of eukaryotic organisms are pathogenic, and how do they differ from bacteria? Algae: dinoflagellates and saxitoxin Protozoans Classification and special structures Pseudopodia, flagella, cilia Pellicles, cysts Important protozoan pathogens Amoebic dysentery Balantidiasis (Balantidium dysentary) Giardia, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis Malaria, Cryptosporidium Eukaryotic pathogens are mostly parasitic and are difficult to target selectively with drugs since their cells are so similar to human cells.

2. Algae:”Plant-like Protists” Based on Nutrition Table 12.1

3. Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Algal “blooms” cause “red tides” Shellfish ingest dinoflagellates; toxin concentrated through food chain Neurotoxin (saxitoxin) causes paralytic shellfish poisoning Toxic Algae: Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates

4. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Algae and Protozoans What types of eukaryotic organisms are pathogenic, and how do they differ from bacteria? Algae: dinoflagellates and saxitoxin Protozoans Classification and special structures Pseudopodia, flagella, cilia Pellicles, cysts Important protozoan pathogens Amoebic dysentery Balantidiasis (Balantidium dysentary) Giardia, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis Malaria, Cryptosporidium Eukaryotic pathogens are mostly parasitic and are difficult to target selectively with drugs since their cells are so similar to human cells.

5. The Protozoa: Kingdom Protista Table 12.1

6. Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Vegetative form is a trophozoite Some produce cysts, or dormant forms (often the infective agent) Some have an outer support layer: pellicle Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony; Sexual reproduction by conjugation Protozoa: “Animal-like Protists” Based on Nutritional Mode Figure 12.16

7. Pathogenic Protozoans Protozoans can be studied according to their type of locomotion: Amoebas (sarcodines) move using pseudopodia Ciliates (ciliates) move using beds of cilia Flagellates (mastigophorans) move using one or more flagella Apicomplexans are non-motile, intracellular parasites

8. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Algae and Protozoans What types of eukaryotic organisms are pathogenic, and how do they differ from bacteria? Algae: dinoflagellates and saxitoxin Protozoans Classification and special structures Pseudopodia, flagella, cilia Pellicles, cysts Important protozoan pathogens Amoebic dysentery Balantidiasis (Balantidium dysentary) Giardia, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis Malaria, Cryptosporidium Eukaryotic pathogens are mostly parasitic and are difficult to target selectively with drugs since their cells are so similar to human cells.

9. Important Pathogenic Protozoans Amoebas Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery Ciliates Balantidium coli - Severe colitis/dysentery Flagellates Giardia lamblia - giardiasis/beaver fever Trypanosoma brucei -trypanosomiasis/African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis Apicomplexans Plasmodium vivax - malaria Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis

10. Amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica) Amoebic protozoan

11. Pathogenic Protozoans Amoebas Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery Ciliates Balantidium coli - Severe colitis/dysentery Flagellates Giardia lamblia - giardiasis/beaver fever Trypanosoma brucei -trypanosomiasis/African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis Apicomplexans Plasmodium vivax - malaria Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis

12. Severe colitis/dysentery( Balantidium coli) A Ciliate Parasite primarily of cows, pigs and horses Seen mostly in farm workers and other rural dwellers by ingestion of cysts in fecal material of farm animals Symptoms similar to amoebic dysentery but milder. Only known pathogenic ciliated protozoan

13. Pathogenic Protozoans Amoebas Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery Ciliates Balantidium coli - Severe colitis/dysentery Flagellates Giardia lamblia - giardiasis/beaver fever Trypanosoma brucei -trypanosomiasis/African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis Apicomplexans Plasmodium vivax - malaria Toxoplasma gondii – toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidium

14. No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) Archaezoa: Troublesome Flagellates Figure 12.17b-d

15. Giardiasis -Beaver fever (Giardia lamblia) Trophozoite stage Cysts shed in feces Flagellated protozoan

16. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Flagellated protozoan Unusual undulating membrane

17. Trypanosomiasis/African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) Tsetse fly (intermediate host) Flagellated protozoan

18. Pathogenic Protozoans Amoebas Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery Ciliates Balantidium coli - Severe colitis/dysentery Flagellates Giardia lamblia - giardiasis/beaver fever Trypanosoma brucei -trypanosomiasis/African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis Apicomplexans Plasmodium vivax - malaria Toxoplasma gondii – toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidium

19. Malaria (Plasmodium vivax) An Apicomplexan Anopheles mosquito gametocytes in RBC Apicomplexan protozoan ring stage in RBCs nonmotile

20. Plasmodium: An Apicomplexan Figure 12.19 Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes 12 3 4 6 Asexual reproduction Intermediate host Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Merozoites Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 7 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote 8 Male gametocyte Female gametocyte Zygote Sexual reproduction Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 9 Sporozoites in salivary gland

21. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Apicomplexan protozoan

22. Cryptosporidium (An Apicomplexan) Causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, cramps and nausea Shed in feces; spread easily by contaminated food and water, especially uncooked foods Caused by Crytposporidium parvum

23. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Algae and Protozoans What types of eukaryotic organisms are pathogenic, and how do they differ from bacteria? Algae: dinoflagellates and saxitoxin Protozoans Classification and special structures Pseudopodia, flagella, cilia Pellicles, cysts Important protozoan pathogens Amoebic dysentery Balantidiasis (Balantidium dysentary) Giardia, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis Malaria, Cryptosporidium Eukaryotic pathogens are mostly parasitic and are difficult to target selectively with drugs since their cells are so similar to human cells.

24. SpeciesProtozoan Category HostsDisease Name Disease description How transmitted Sketch Making a Table to Study and Associate Characteristics