1. Malaria Parasites
Dr. Gamal Allam

2. Learning outcomes By the end of the lecture, you should be able to:
1- Define and classify malaria parasites.
2- Mention the geographical distribution of malaria (especially in KSA).
3- Mention Intermediate and definitive hosts of malaria.
4- Explain life cycle of human malaria parasites.
5- Mention routes of disease Transmission.
6- Mention pathology and clinical features of malaria
7- Differentiate between erythrocytic forms of 4 plasmodium species.
8- Diagnose malaria parasites.
Dr. Gamal Allam

3. Suggested Reading http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Malaria.htm
Chiodini, P.L.; Moody, A.H. and Manser, D.W. (2001): Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, P. 62.
Dr. Gamal Allam

4. Malaria
Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne infectious disease.
million clinical cases per year.
Malaria causes million deaths per year (90% in Africa).
The disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium .
Dr. Gamal Allam

5. Human malaria parasites
4 species of the Plasmodium (P.) parasite are the most common species that infect humans:
1- Plasmodium falciparum:
- the cause of malignant malaria.
- the most dangerous species.
2- Plasmodium vivax:
- the most frequent, cause benign tertian malaria.
3- Plasmodium ovale:
- less frequent, cause of mild benign tertian malaria.
4-Plasmodium malariae:
- the cause of benign quartan malaria.
Dr. Gamal Allam

6. Classification of malaria parasites
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Haematozoea
Genus: Plasmodium
Four species are the most common.
Dr. Gamal Allam

7. Geographical distribution of malaria
Malaria widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
40% of the world’s population lives in endemic areas.
Dr. Gamal Allam

8. Geographical distribution…..cont
Dr. Gamal Allam

9. Prevalence of malaria in KSA
Dr. Gamal Allam

10. Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Vector of malaria
Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Dr. Gamal Allam

11. Life cycle of human malaria parasites
Malaria parasites have 2 cycles during their development.
1- Asexual cycle in human (Intermediate host):
Schizogony
Erythrocytic cycle
Exo-erythrocytic cycle
Gametogony.
2- Sexual cycle in female Anopheles (Definitive host):
Sporogony.
Dr. Gamal Allam

12. Life cycle of human malaria parasites
The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host (1). Sporozoites infect liver cells (2) and mature into schizonts (3), which rupture and release merozoites (4). (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony (A)), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony (B)). Merozoites infect red blood cells (5). The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites(6). Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) (7). Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease.

13. Life cycle of malaria parasites … cont
The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal(8). The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle(C). While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes(9). The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes)(10) which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts(11). The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites(12) , which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle(1).

14. Life cycle of human malaria parasites

15. Transmission sporozoites injected with saliva enter circulation
invade liver cells (within min.)
Anopheles

16. Exo-erythrocytic Schizogony
hepatocyte invasion
asexual replication
Duration, 5-15 days
Number of merozoites differ in different species
Dr. Gamal Allam

17. Hypnozoite Forms
some of the sporozoites do not immediately undergo schizogony (ie, dormant)
merozoites produced months (3-45 wk) after initial infection
only found in P. vivax and P. ovale
relapse = hypnozoite
Dr. Gamal Allam

18. Erythrocytic schizogony 24-48 hr in Pf. 48 hr in Pv, Po 72 hr in Pm
Trophozoite
Ring form
Merozoite
Erythrocytic schizogony
24-48 hr in Pf.
48 hr in Pv, Po
72 hr in Pm
gametocytes
Old trophozoite
Schizont
Segmenter
Dr. Gamal Allam

19. Sporogony occurs in mosquito (9-25 d)
fusion of micro- and macrogametes
zygote  ookinete (~24 hr)
ookinete transverses gut epithelium.
ookinete  oocyst
asexual replication  sporozoites
sporozoites released and invade salivary glands

20. Invasive Stages Merozoite erythrocytes Sporozoite salivary glands
hepatocytes
Ookinete
epithelium

21. Routes of disease Transmission
1- Through infected female Anopheles bites. 2- By blood transfusion from infected person.
Dr. Gamal Allam

22. Malaria Paroxysm
paroxysms associated with synchrony of merozoite release
between paroxysms temper-ature is normal and patient feels well
falciparum may not exhibit classic paroxysms (continuous fever due to asynchronous schizogony)
malignant malaria
tertian malaria
quartan malaria

23. Clinical features of malaria
Characteristic fever:
Shivering & cold stage (30-60 minutes).
Hot stage (1-4 hours, fever with hot dry skin)
Sweating stage (1-2 hours, profuse sweating & temp. falls.
The attack is repeated at 3rd days (tertian malaria) or at 4th day ( quartan malaria).
Enlarged spleen.
Anemia due to destruction of RBCs:
Microcytic.
Hypochromic.
Dr. Gamal Allam

24. Diagnosis of malaria parasites
Malaria parasites can be diagnosed by:
1- Clinical Diagnosis.
2- Parasitological Diagnosis.
3- Serological Diagnosis.
4- Molecular Diagnosis.
Dr. Gamal Allam

25. 1- Clinical Diagnosis of malaria
Characteristic fever:
The attack is repeated at 3rd days (tertian malaria) or at 4th day (quartan malaria).
Enlarged spleen.
Anemia due to destruction of RBCs.
Dr. Gamal Allam

26. 2- Parasitological Diagnosis of malaria
The definitive diagnosis of malaria infection is still based on finding malaria parasites in blood films.
Thick blood smears are generally superior for the detection of parasites.
Whereas thin smears are preferable for species identification.
If parasites are not found on the first blood smear it is recommended to make additional smears every 6-12 hours for as long as 48 hours.
Dr. Gamal Allam

27. Morphological Differences Between Human Plasmodium Species in Blood Smears
Dr. Gamal Allam

28. Key Morphological Differences Between Human Plasmodium Species in Blood Smears
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. falcipar.
1- enlarged erythrocyte .
2- Schüffner's dots.
3- ameboid trophozoite.
1-elongated oval erythrocyte.
3- compact trophozoite .
4- usually fewer merozoites in schizont .
1- compact trophozoite.
2- merozoites in rosette.
3- Band shape schizont.
1- numerous rings.
2- smaller rings.
3- no trophozoites or schizonts .
4- crescent-shaped gametocytes.
Dr. Gamal Allam

29. 3- Serological Diagnosis
In areas where microscopy is not available, or where laboratory staff are not experienced at malaria diagnosis, there are Rapid Diagnostic test for either:
antibody detection by:
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).
malaria antigens.
Dr. Gamal Allam

30. 4- Molecular Diagnosis
Parasite nucleic acids are detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
This technique is more accurate and sensetive than microscopy.
However, it is expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory.
Dr. Gamal Allam