1. Early Africa

2. African population: 1.033 billion 88.5 people per sq. mile Chinese population: 1.351 billion 360.5 per square mile European population: 739.2 million 188 people per square mile US population: 313.9 million 82 people per square mile

5. Nubia Society begins to develop 4,000 – 3,100 BCE Kerma, 2,500 BCE Napata, 1,000 BCE

6. The Cataracts of the Nile

8. Nubia known as: – "Ta-Seti” - Land of the Bow – Kush Kerna conquered Egypt in 760 BCE – XXVth Dynasty, the “Nubian Dynasty” – Defeated by the Assyrians in 656 BCE

9. Agriculture develops in the western Sahara (modern day Mauritania) Cattle a measure of wealth as well as a food source.

10. African rice – different from Asian rice – more brittle, mills less efficiently – more tolerant to poorer growing conditions – resistant to disease Millet – heat tolerant – adaptable Yams

11. Sorghum Teff Oil palm

12. Sahara had fertile savannas and steppes until c. 5000 B.C.E. when the monsoon wind pattern shifted eastward.

13. Iron working 1,000 – 500 BCE ?

14. Aksum Ethiopian chiefdoms become the kingdom of Aksum c. 100 CE King Ezana converts to Christianity in 333 CE Semitic in origin? Probably African

16. Sub-Saharan Africa West African ecological zones – Sahel – Savanna – Rainforest Yam and oil palm farmers exhaust rainforest soil – Farmers move west, south, and eventually east

18. Sahel Savanna

19. Bantu migration

20. Problem: Disease Malaria – mosquito Sleeping sickness – tsetse fly Yellow Fever – mosquito River Blindness – black fly Filariasis (elephantiasis) – black flies & mosquitoes Bubonic plague – fleas

21. African Language Groups 200-500 CE bananas, chickens, pigs