1. V.C. Muscular Stability Abdominal muscles on ventral side:
1. Prevent V.C. hyperextension
2. Pull pelvis toward sternum
3. Pull thorax toward pelvis
Erector Spinae muscles on dorsal side:
1. Compress V.C.
2. Holds V.C. together

2. moving trunk away from “throwing” arm FIG 7.4 page 233
CONTRALATERAL Trunk Flexion
moving trunk away from “throwing” arm FIG 7.4 page 233

3. IPSILATERAL Trunk Flexion
moving trunk towards the “throwing” arm
“UNDERARM” Throw Pattern

4. LORDOSIS Pelvis tilted towards anterior
often due to weak abdominal muscles
treatment:
1. stretch hip muscles [extensors and flexors]
2. strengthen abdominals and hip flexors

5. SCOLIOSIS mediolateral curvature of V.C. [“S” curve]
often caused by one leg shorter than other
treatment of functional problem:
1. Stretch Concave side  ) interior of curve
2. Strengthen Convex side )  exterior of curve

6. KYPHOSIS exaggerated curve of V.C. anterior/posterior
bending forward of thoracic area along with flattening of lumbar curve
treatment:
1. Strengthen V.C. extensors
2. Stretch V.C. flexors [thoracic area]

7. Rounded Shoulders Treatment:
1. Strengthen retractors of shoulder girdle
2. Stretch protractors of shoulder girdle

8. SIT UPS Abdominals Hip Flexors
move vertebral column if pelvis is fixed or stabilized
move pelvis if vertebral column is fixed or stabilized
move thighs if pelvis is fixed/stabilized
move pelvis if thighs are fixed/stabilized

9. Long Lying Sit-Up: FIG 7.6a page 237
If Abdominals are Strong:
Abdominals are the prime mover
Abdominals ALONE flex the Vertebral Column
Hip Flexors stabilize pelvis (H.F.do not flex V.C.)

10. Long Lying Sit-Up: FIG 7.6a
If Abdominals are WEAK:
Abdominals alone cannot flex V.C. (Abs only assist)
Hip Flexors are the prime movers
Hip Flexors pull pelvis and lumbar disks compress

11. If Abdominals are WEAK:
“Leg Lifts”: FIG 7.6b
If Abdominals are WEAK:
Abdominals cannot stabilize pelvis (prevent flexing)
Pelvis flexes due to pull of Hip Flexors
Lower Back hyperextends, lumbar disks compress
This exercise requires very strong abdominals

12. “Bent Leg or Curl” Sit-Up: FIG 7.6c
Hip Flexors are shortened (Length/Tension principle)
H.F. stabilize pelvis (do not flex pelvis)
Abdominals must do most if not all of the work
minimizes hyperextension of lumbar vertebrae

13. “Snap-Up”: FIG 7.6d simultaneous Hip and V.C. flexion
requires  Torque from Abdominals in 2 ways: 1. flexion of the Vertebral Column 2. stabilize Pelvis to prevent it rotating forward

14. Bent Leg “Curl” Sit Up on Incline Board FIG 7.6e page 237
incline position allows resistive Tg to have  ROM
depending on  of board, Tg may never reach 0

15. from KIN 300/301 Exercise Book by Natascha Wesch page 48
“CRUNCH” SIT-UP Non-Supported Supported
More difficult
Less difficult
from KIN 300/301 Exercise Book by Natascha Wesch page 48

16. “CRUNCH” SIT-UP: non-supported
Stabilizers activated
Pelvis “flat” or tilted forward
no V.C. hyperextension

17. Lumbar HYPERFLEXION
 FIG 4.18a page 163
 FIG 4.16c page 161

18. Lumbar HYPEREXTENSION
FIG 7.9  page 242
 FIG 7.10 page 242