1. 1 Financial and real sector interactions: enter the sovereign Jaime Caruana, General Manager Bank for International Settlements CAFRAL/BIS conference on "Financial sector regulation for growth, equity and stability in the post crisis world" Mumbai, 15 November 2011 1

2. 2 Figure 1: Boom in corporate and/or household lending 2 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

3. 3 Figure 2: Bust in corporate and/or household lending 3 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

4. 4 Figure 3: Bust in corporate and/or household lending leading to credit crunch 4 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

5. 5 Figure 4: Bust in corporate household and/or lending leading to government recapitalisation of banks 5 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

6. 6 Figure 5: Interaction between bank and sovereign spreads Contamination of sovereign by banks Irish CDS spreads 1 In basis points

7. 7 Figure 6: Banks as source of weakness to sovereign 7 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

8. 8 Figure 7: Sovereign as source of weakness to banks 8 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

9. 9 Figure 8: Interaction between bank and sovereign spreads Contamination of banks by sovereign Greek CDS spreads 1 In basis points

10. 10 Figure 9: Sovereign and banks as two-way sources of weakness 10 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

11. 11 Figure 10: Interaction between bank and sovereign spreads Banks and sovereign spreads are highly correlated CDS spreads (in basis points) 1

12. 12 Figure 11: Sovereign and banks as two-way sources of weakness leading to credit crunch 12 Source of strength Source of weakness Leverage

13. 13 Figure 12: Multi-sovereign backstop for sovereign and banks 13 Source of weakness Leverage Banks Firms Households Source of strength Sovereign