1. An Overview And Lessons Learned From The Five Octave Research Array (FORA) With Some Perspectives For Future Towed Array John R. Preston a, Kyle M. Becker b, Paul T. Shultz c, Jeffrey R. McIlvain c, George M. Ruhlmann d a ARL, Penn State University, P.O. Box 30, MS 6110D, State College, PA 16804 b NURC, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy c L-3 Chesapeake Sciences Corp., 1127B Benfield Blvd., Millersville MD 21108 d WaveTech Engineering, LLC., 3200 Dunbratton Court, Waldorf, MD 20601

2. Purpose/Background Built to support the ONR Ocean Acoustics Program’s 6.1 experimental research efforts. MACE program at ONR was also a sponsor/user of this system. After its shakedown cruise in 2002, FORA has completed ten very successful sea trials as of Sept. 2010.

3. Tow Cable Deck Cable TATS Fore VIM Triplet Module Fore LF/MFMF/HF Aft LF/MFAft VIM 25.0m 88m 277 m (triplet 89 mm dia, linear 77 mm. dia.) 33.5m 45.0m 25 m30.0m ULF 30.5m FORA System Module Layout* 950 m long, 27.4 mm dia. Array & Winch Wt: 22,000 lbs. Tow Cable Deck Cable Towed Array Test Set (TATS) Controller Forw. VIM Triplet Module Forw. LF/MFMF/HF Aft LF/MF Aft VIM Drogue 305 m long, 11 mm dia. 88m 33.5m 45.0m 30.0m (Aft) ULF 30.5m *not the same as acoustic apertures 30 m long, 15 mm dia Nas Nodes

4. FORA with new level wind

5. FORA Acoustic Apertures Acoustic Apertures No. of phonesDesign freq (Hz)/ spacing (m) ULF64250 / 3.0 LF64500 / 1.5 MF641000 / 0.75 HF642000 / 0.375 Triplet section78*33750 / 0.2

6. FORA SAMPLING CONFIGURATIONS (Total channels =396) Config. number Fwd Triplet Aft TripletAll Linear Apertures 125 kHz12.5 kHz6.25 kHz 212.5 kHz 6.25 kHz 316.0 kHz8.0 kHz 4 52.0 kHz

7. FORA on R/V KNORR

8. Deployment

9. FORA Overboard Sheave

10. FORA Capabilities Large frequency coverage 50 - 3750 Hz with beamformer Very high dynamic range 24 bit A/D, 19 bits actual 4 NAS suites - each with heading, pitch, roll, depth and temperature Removable ULF section (88 m) Can also operate as short/long vertical array suspended from own ship (drifting or moored only) Five sampling configurations from 2 kHz - 25 kHz Highest frequency aperture is a triplet array for left-right ambiguity resolution Desensitized phone to capture direct arrival waveforms

11. Limitations/Considerations Drogue was designed for 4-5 kt tows but the split drogue mod. allows tows up to 10 kts. Maximum depth at 3 kts is ~350 m (cable limit). Array uses ATM/Sonet fiber optic data link so input data rate fixed at 155 mb/s but recording is done separately for triplet or linear sections. The FORA acquisition system can record all 4 linear sections or the full triplet section without problems. Acquisition system is based on archiving to SATA disks from Linux workstations.

12. Newer Sea Trial Summaries NPAL//SPICE/LOAPEX 04 - long range propagation and azimuthal scattering studies: FORA operated for the entire experiment without any days lost but ~1s one-way timing errors were later discovered. OREX 05 - scattering and inversion studies: FORA weather + equipment problems caused 1-2 days of data loss (for first time). New FORA limit is SS4 for operations. Gulf of Maine 06 - remote sensing of fish schools: FORA operates without equipment failures for entire trial. Clutter07/BASE07 FORA operates without major problems again (all desired data collected successfully). During the course of FORA’s ten sea trials, it was requested to collect data for a total of 138 days and missed only 3.5 days due to FORA equipment problems (including the winch).

13. Summary of FORA Sea Trials

14. Sample of Reverberation from the FORA LF aperture on the New Jersey Shelf

15. Sample reverberation from the FORA cardioid aperture on the New Jersey Shelf

16. Triplet BF Near Mud Volcanoes

17. FORA Acquisition Software Problem History/Fixes The original FORA acquisition software was adapted from other active systems and worked well in active experiments. In 2006-2007, post analysis of the NPAL04 experiment showed one- way timing errors of >=0.5 s with no way of correcting them. In 2008-2009 several improvements reduced one-way error to ~8ms. In 2010 the acquisition system was completely rewritten. In the course of improving the FORA acquisition system for the LRAC10 experiment, GPS time tags have been added for each data block, and all data dropouts are logged with location and duration. The new acquisition software worked flawlessly during the remainder of the LRAC10 experiment recently completed (no dropouts). Now one-way timing errors are down to approximately 1 ms.

18. Acknowledgements ONR Ocean Acoustics Program ONR MACE Program Chesapeake Sciences Corp. & Teledyne Inst. Digital Systems Research (DSR) Inc. Lillimar (Lillie) Rulhmann, Nick Makris (MIT) R. Hollett (SACLANTCEN), Eddie Scheer (WHOI) A. C. Hill (Hill Consulting) WaveTech Engineering, LLC (George Ruhlmann)

19. New Array Technologies